FHDT: Pathology Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital malformations are associated with
Answer

acquisition in utero

chromosomal defects

familial tendency

genetic transmission

maternal drug ingestion
A

acquisition in utero

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2
Q

Disorderly arrangement of maturing squamous of epithelium of the skin with an intact basement membrane is by definition
Answer

hyperplasia

metaplasia

neoplasia

dysplasia

anaplasia
A

dysplasia

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3
Q

A mass composed of a mixture of normal tissues NOT native to the location and in abnormal amount or arrangement is called a(n)
Answer

hamartoma

teratoma

mixed tumor

choristoma

embryonal tumor
A

choristoma

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4
Q

An increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the number of cells is called
Answer

hypertrophy

regeneration

hyperplasia

metaplasia

atrophy
A

hyperplasia

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5
Q

Loss of orderly maturation of epithelium is by definition
Answer

hyperplasia

metaplasia

neoplasia

Anaplasia

Dysplasia
A

Dysplasia.
Dysplasia is loss of orderly maturation of epithelium, disordered growth and maturation.

Not Anaplasia b/c anaplasia is loss of differentiation in cells

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6
Q

An acquired decrease in the size of a normally developed tissue or organ is
Answer

hypoplasia

neoplasia

metaplasia

atrophy

aplasia
A

atrophy.
Atrophy: Is a decrease in the size of a normally formed tissue or organ, resulting from a decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the number of cells composing the tissue.

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7
Q

A mass composed of normal tissues native to the location but in abnormal amount or arrangement is called a(n)
Answer

hamartoma

teratoma

mixed tumor

choristoma

embryonal tumor
A

hamartoma

Hamartoma- Is a tumor-like mass resulting from the overgrowth of mature, histologically normal cells and tissue that normally occur in the affected part, but often with one element predominating.

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8
Q

Mature squamous epithelium replacing the pseudostratified columnar epithelium normally in bronchial lining is an example of
Answer

hyperplasia

Metaplasia

neoplasia

dysplasia

anaplasia
A

Metaplasia
Metaplasia is an abnormality of cellular differentiation in which one type of mature cell is replaced by a different and the latter is not normal for the tissue involved.

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9
Q

An increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the constituent cells but not an increase in their number is called
Answer

hypertrophy

regeneration

metaplasia

hyperplasia

atrophy
A

hypertrophy

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10
Q

A congenital decrease in the size of a developing tissue or organ is
Answer

atrophy

neoplasia

metaplasia

hypoplasia

aplasia
A

hypoplasia.

Agenesis is the failure of an organ to develop due to failure of the primordial organ to develop. It’s the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue
aplasia is the defective development resulting in the absence of all or part of an organ or tissue.

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11
Q

Metaplasia is thought to be caused in most cases by
Answer

genetic mutation

oncogenic virus

chronic irritation

immunologic reaction

congenital defect
A

chronic irritation

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12
Q

Mature squamous epithelium in bronchial lining is an example of
Answer

hyperplasia

metaplasia

neoplasia

dysplasia

anaplasia
A

metaplasia

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13
Q

A cervical biopsy of a 24-year-old woman shows maturated squamous epithelium replacing the expected cuboidal mucosal surface of the endocervical glands. This is an example of
Answer

anaplasia

dysplasia

hyperplasia

metaplasia

neoplasia
A

metaplasia

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14
Q

Autolysis is produced by
Answer

antibodies

endogenous enzymes

phagocytic leukocytes

bacterial enzymes

anoxia
A

endogenous enzymes

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15
Q

Lethally injured cells show an increase in
Answer

adenosine triphosphate activity

pH

RNA synthesis

sodium content
A

sodium content

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16
Q

Electron microscopic examination of cell reveals a simple swelling of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum without any significant additional abnormality. Which of the following is true?
Answer

this is inconsistent with changes observed with cell injury

the likelihood of functional derangement in very low, if  at all

this is consistent with hypoxic cellular injury

these changes would not be manifested with light microscope
A

this is consistent with hypoxic cellular injury

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17
Q

Of the following, which would require the greatest duration of time to show evidence of cell injury in association with sustained occlusion of an supplying artery?
Answer

brain

heart

epidermis

liver

kidney
A

epidermis.

Not brain, b/c brain would be one of the first to show evidence of cell injury b/c neurons are very susceptible to hypoxic cell injury.

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18
Q

Cloudy swelling, hydropic change and fatty change are all examples of
Answer

early neoplastic change

hyaline change

patterns of cell death

postmortem artefact

reversible cell injury
A

reversible cell injury

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19
Q

Fatty change is most commonly seen in the
Answer

heart

kidney

spleen

lung

liver
A

liver

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20
Q

In association with cell injury each of the following is characteristically decreased EXCEPT:
Answer

oxidative phosphorylation

ATP

pH

glycolysis

protein synthesis
A

glycolysis

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21
Q

The first point of attack of hypoxia inducing cell injury is:
Answer

the plasma membrane

oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria

protein synthesis by rough endoplasmic   reticulum

enzymes of the lysosomes

the genetic apparatus of the nucleus
A

oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria

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22
Q

A myocardial infarct is a good example of
Answer

caseous necrosis

enzymatic fat necrosis

liquefactive necrosis

coagulative necrosis

gangrenous necrosis
A

coagulative necrosis

Liquefactive necrosis is always seen in brain and is seen elsewhere as abscesses

Caseous necrosis=TB and granulomas

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23
Q

Which of the following is the first sign of anoxic cell injury?
Answer

cell swelling

vacuolization

karyorrhexis

mitochondrial calcification

pyknosis
A

cell swelling

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24
Q

Accumulation of fat in the liver following administration of carbon tetrachloride results from
Answer

an increased uptake of blood triglycerides

a decrease in fatty acid oxidation

inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis

enhanced synthesis of free fatty acids

increased synthesis of glycerides
A

inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis

Carbon tetrachloride inhibits lipoprotein synthesis causing accumulation of fat in the liver. Need lipoproteins to carry lipids out, so without them, the lipids accumulate in the hepatocytes

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25
Ultrastructural changes seen with reversible injury include each of the following EXCEPT: Answer myelin figures blebs on the cell surface blunting of the microvilli swelling of the mitochondria dense, calcium rich granules
dense, calcium rich granules Signs of reversible cell injury are: Myelin figures, blebs on the cell surface, blunting of the microvilli, and swelling of the mitochondria.
26
In ischemic cell injury there is an Answer efflux of K+ and Na+ influx of K+ and Ca++ influx of K+ and H2O influx of Na+ and Ca++ influx of Na+ and K+
influx of Na+ and Ca++ In ischemic cell injury there is an influx of Na+ and Ca2+
27
The most common cause of hypoxia associated with significant amount of cell injury is: Answer chronic obstructive pulmonary disease anemia carbon monoxide poisoning vascular occlusion cardiorespiratory failure
vascular occlusion
28
Each of the following concerning increased activity of phosphofructokinase is TRUE, EXCEPT: Answer stimulated by an increase in ATP results in a decrease in intracellular pH associated with a decrease in intracellular glycogen results in ATP generation from glycogen indirectly associated with the early clumping of nuclear chromatin
stimulated by an increase in ATP
29
1. Following a myocardial infarction, the increased level of the serum enzyme creatine kinase is due to Answer mitochondrial swelling nuclear lysis increased permeability of plasma membranes increased endoplasmic reticulum increased golgi activity
increased permeability of plasma membranes
30
A- An- ex. Agenesis
Without | agenesis= without beginning
31
Angio- | ex. angioplasty
vessel
32
Crypto- ex. Cryptoorchidism ex. cryptogenic
hidden cryptoorchidism= undescended (hidden) testes Cryptogenic= of hidden or unkown origin
33
Dys- | ex. dysplasia
bad | dysplasia=bad growth/maturation
34
Mega- | ex. Splenomegaly
Large | splenomegaly=enlarged spleen
35
Tele- ex. telangiectasis ex. telomeres
End telomeres= ends of chromosomes telangiectasis=Expansion or dilatation of small blood vessel
36
Meta- | ex. Metaplasia
after, between Metaplasia= after, between growth Metaplasia is an abnormality of cellular differentiation in which one type of mature cell is replaced by a different and the latter is not normal for the tissue involved.
37
- Myalgia | ex. Myalgia
pain | myalgia=muscle pain
38
- ectasia | ex. Atelectasis and Bronchiectasis
expansion atelectasis=Atelectasis is the collapse of part or (much less commonly) all of a lung. Bronchiectasis=expansion and/or dilation of the bronchi
39
- genic | ex. oncogenic
production | oncogenic= produces cancer
40
- oid | ex. fibroid
like/similar | fibroid=fiber like. It' a tumor consisting of smooth muscles resembling fibrous tissue.
41
- philia | ex. zoophilia
love/affinity | zoophilia= love of animals/ affinity for animals
42
- rhea ex. rhinorrhea ex. amenorrhea
-flow rhinorrhea=runny nose amenorrhea= no menstrual flow
43
- rhexis | ex. karyorrhexis
-rupture | karyorrhexis= rupture of the nucleus
44
The death of cells or tissue w/in a living body is termed ``` A. Cytolysis B. Necrosis C.Putrefaction D. Autolysis E. Somatic death ```
B. Necrosis
45
Inflammation is best defined as A. Cellular changes as a result of injury B. Exudation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes C. Hemodynamic changes as a result of injury D. Increased vascular permeability due to chemical mediators E. Local reaction of a tissue to injury
E. Local reaction of a tissue to injury
46
An example of a reversible injury is ``` A. pyknosis B. cytoplasmic vacuoles C. rupture of cell membrane D. Karyolysis E. karyorrhexis ```
B. cytoplasmic vacuoles
47
An example of irreversible injury is ``` A. cellular edema B. chromatin clumping C. cytoplasmic inclusions D. mitochondrial swelling E. rupture of cell membrane ```
E. rupture of cell membrane
48
Which tissue is the most susceptible to liquefactive necrosis following ischemic injury? ``` A. pancreas B. liver C. spleen D. brain E. intestine ```
D. brain
49
Coagulative necrosis usually results from ``` A. abscess formation B. ischemia C. trauma D. tuberculosis E. syphillis ```
B. ischemia
50
Of the following, which most characteristically causes coagulative necrosis? ``` A. bacterial infection B. obstruction of blood flow C. decrease in hormones D. genetic enzyme abnormality E. alcoholism ```
B. obstruction of blood flow
51
Which of the following conditions is dependent upon hypercalcemia? ``` A. metastatic calcification B. ossification C. cornification D. dystrophic calcification E. gout ```
A. metastatic calcification Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium in normal tissue. It's the result of hypercalcemia and/or increased serum phosphate. Not D. because dystrophic calcification is calcification of necrotic or previously damaged tissue. In dystrophic calcification, the calcium level is normal. Not C, because cornification is the conversion of squamous epithelial cells into a keratinized horny material, such as hair, or nails.
52
``` Phagocytosis is enhanced by A. Cl B. bradykinin C. lysozyme D. opsonin E. serotonin ```
D. opsonin
53
In acute inflammation, as compared to chronic inflammation, there will be more A. lymphocytes B. fibrosis C. plasma cells D. neutrophils
D. neutrophils Neutrophils are the major cells of acute inflammation. Not A because lymphocytes are the cells of chronic inflammation
54
Tissue necrosis is usually followed immediately by ``` A. atrophy B. inflammation C. regeneration D. repair E. resolution ```
B. inflammation
55
The acute red discoloration of the skin in the earliest stages of inflammation is caused by A. cyanosis B. edema of the dermis C. hyperemia of the blood vessels of the dermis D. increased amount of pigment in the basal layers of the epidermis E. lymphangiectasis
C. hyperemia of the blood vessels of the dermis
56
If the following events were put in sequence as they occur in an inflammatory reaction, which would occur third? A. emigration of leukocytes B. phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion C. slowing of blood flow and red cell concentration D. vascular dilatation and increased permeability
A. emigration of leukocytes Emigration of leukocytes occurs third. 1st. D- vascular dilatation and increased permeability 2nd. C-slowing of blood flow and red cell concentration 3rd. A- emigration of leukocytes 4th. B-phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion
57
``` Her Majesty Reads Across the English Channel Again Proudly ```
Mnemonic for order of events following acute inflammation 1. Hemostasis 2. Margination-movement of white blood cells from central axial stream to periphery 3. Rolling-tumbling of leukocytes along endothelial lining 4. Adhesion-Attachment of white blood cells to the endothelial lining 5. Emigration- movement of leukocytes out of endothelial vessels through interendothelial junctions 6. Chemotaxis- leukocytes move to site of injury 7. Aggregation- accumulation of leukocytes at site of injury 8. Phagocytosis
58
Movement of white blood cells from central axial stream to periphery
Margination
59
Tumbling of leukocytes along endothelial lining
Rolling
60
Attachment of white blood cells to the endothelial lining
Adhesion
61
Movement of leukocytes out of endothelial vessels through interendothelial junctions
Emigration
62
Leukocytes move to site of injury
Chemotaxis
63
Accumulation of leukocytes at site of injury
Aggregation
64
Which of the following events in acute inflammation occurs first? ``` A. chemotaxis B. emigration C. hemostasis D. margination E. phagocytosis ```
C. hemostasis ``` Remember mnemonic: Her- Hemostasis Majesty-Margination Rode-Rolling Across the-Adhesion English-Emigration Channel-Chemotaxis Again-Aggregation Proudly-Phagocytosis ```
65
Migration of leukocytes directly toward a foreign substance or an injured tissue is called ``` A. diapedesis B. exudation C. emigration D. anaphylaxis E. chemotaxis ```
E. chemotaxis
66
Enzymes responsible for suppuration are derived chiefly from ``` A. tissue B. serum C. neutrophils D. lymphocytes E. plasma cells ```
C. neutrophils
67
The tumor of inflammation is due predominantly to ``` A. arteriolar dilation B. venous dilation C. capillary dilation D. increased intracellular fluid E. increased extracellular fluid ```
E. increased extracellular fluid. Edema is increased fluid in the ISF
68
The principal mechanism by which vascular permeability is altered in acute inflammation is A. disruption of vascular basement membrane B. acceleration of vesicular transport C. separation of endothelial junctions D. increased hydrostatic pressure E. increased osmotic pressure of tissue fluid
C. separation of endothelial junctions
69
Which part of the microcirculation is most consistently involved in the permeability changes and exudation of acute inflammation? ``` A. small arteries B. arterioles C. capillaries D. venules E. veins ```
D. venules
70
Of those listed, the earliest chemical mediator of inflammation is ``` A. histamine B. Hageman factor C. bradykinin D. serotonin E. kallikrein ```
A. histamine
71
The most important complement-derived chemotactic factor for neutrophils is ``` A. C1 B. C3a C. C4 D. C5A E.C5b67 ```
D. C5A
72
Multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body type originate from A. nuclear division of granulocytes B. atypical regeneration of epithelium C. megakaryocytes D. fusion or nuclear division of macrophages E. multiplication of nuclei in surrounding fibrocytes
D. fusion or nuclear division of macrophages
73
Which of the following cells is most abundant in an abscess? ``` A. eosinophil B. lymphocyte C. macrophage D. neutrophil E. plasma cell ```
D. neutrophil
74
A granuloma is A. a small nodule of granulation tissue B. a tumor compose dof granulocytes C. a small hard mass of fibroblasts and collagen D. composed primarily of mononuclear phagocytes
D. composed primarily of mononuclear phagocytes
75
The tensile strength of a healing or healed wound is largely contributed by A. angioblasts B. fibroblasts C. collagen D. macrophages
C. collagen
76
An infarct of the liver is healed by ``` A. complete resolution B. organization C. no repair D. orderly regeneration E. disorderly regeneration ```
B. organization Organization=fibroplasia/fibrosis/scarring Infarcts heal by organization (fibrosis), because the stromal cells are damaged. Not regeneration (D, or E), because for regeneration to occur only the parenchyma can be damaged, the stromal cells can NOT be damaged
77
The least complicated repair of an incisional wound is referred to as ``` A. healing by resolution B. the secondary wound phenomenon C. healing by primary (first) intention D. remodeling E. healing by secondary (second) intention ```
C. healing by primary (first) intention Healing by primary (first) intention- occurs with clean wounds when there has been little tissue damage and the wound edges are closely approximated. Classic example is a surgical incision Healing by secondary (second) intention-occurs in wounds that have large tissue defects and when the two edges of the wound are not in contact. It requires larger amounts of granulation tissue to fill in the defect . It's often accompanied by significant wound contraction. It often results in larger residual scars