FHDT: Pathology Week 3 Flashcards
Congenital malformations are associated with
Answer
acquisition in utero chromosomal defects familial tendency genetic transmission maternal drug ingestion
acquisition in utero
Disorderly arrangement of maturing squamous of epithelium of the skin with an intact basement membrane is by definition
Answer
hyperplasia metaplasia neoplasia dysplasia anaplasia
dysplasia
A mass composed of a mixture of normal tissues NOT native to the location and in abnormal amount or arrangement is called a(n)
Answer
hamartoma teratoma mixed tumor choristoma embryonal tumor
choristoma
An increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the number of cells is called
Answer
hypertrophy regeneration hyperplasia metaplasia atrophy
hyperplasia
Loss of orderly maturation of epithelium is by definition
Answer
hyperplasia metaplasia neoplasia Anaplasia Dysplasia
Dysplasia.
Dysplasia is loss of orderly maturation of epithelium, disordered growth and maturation.
Not Anaplasia b/c anaplasia is loss of differentiation in cells
An acquired decrease in the size of a normally developed tissue or organ is
Answer
hypoplasia neoplasia metaplasia atrophy aplasia
atrophy.
Atrophy: Is a decrease in the size of a normally formed tissue or organ, resulting from a decrease either in the size of individual cells or in the number of cells composing the tissue.
A mass composed of normal tissues native to the location but in abnormal amount or arrangement is called a(n)
Answer
hamartoma teratoma mixed tumor choristoma embryonal tumor
hamartoma
Hamartoma- Is a tumor-like mass resulting from the overgrowth of mature, histologically normal cells and tissue that normally occur in the affected part, but often with one element predominating.
Mature squamous epithelium replacing the pseudostratified columnar epithelium normally in bronchial lining is an example of
Answer
hyperplasia Metaplasia neoplasia dysplasia anaplasia
Metaplasia
Metaplasia is an abnormality of cellular differentiation in which one type of mature cell is replaced by a different and the latter is not normal for the tissue involved.
An increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of the constituent cells but not an increase in their number is called
Answer
hypertrophy regeneration metaplasia hyperplasia atrophy
hypertrophy
A congenital decrease in the size of a developing tissue or organ is
Answer
atrophy neoplasia metaplasia hypoplasia aplasia
hypoplasia.
Agenesis is the failure of an organ to develop due to failure of the primordial organ to develop. It’s the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue
aplasia is the defective development resulting in the absence of all or part of an organ or tissue.
Metaplasia is thought to be caused in most cases by
Answer
genetic mutation oncogenic virus chronic irritation immunologic reaction congenital defect
chronic irritation
Mature squamous epithelium in bronchial lining is an example of
Answer
hyperplasia metaplasia neoplasia dysplasia anaplasia
metaplasia
A cervical biopsy of a 24-year-old woman shows maturated squamous epithelium replacing the expected cuboidal mucosal surface of the endocervical glands. This is an example of
Answer
anaplasia dysplasia hyperplasia metaplasia neoplasia
metaplasia
Autolysis is produced by
Answer
antibodies endogenous enzymes phagocytic leukocytes bacterial enzymes anoxia
endogenous enzymes
Lethally injured cells show an increase in
Answer
adenosine triphosphate activity pH RNA synthesis sodium content
sodium content
Electron microscopic examination of cell reveals a simple swelling of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum without any significant additional abnormality. Which of the following is true?
Answer
this is inconsistent with changes observed with cell injury the likelihood of functional derangement in very low, if at all this is consistent with hypoxic cellular injury these changes would not be manifested with light microscope
this is consistent with hypoxic cellular injury
Of the following, which would require the greatest duration of time to show evidence of cell injury in association with sustained occlusion of an supplying artery?
Answer
brain heart epidermis liver kidney
epidermis.
Not brain, b/c brain would be one of the first to show evidence of cell injury b/c neurons are very susceptible to hypoxic cell injury.
Cloudy swelling, hydropic change and fatty change are all examples of
Answer
early neoplastic change hyaline change patterns of cell death postmortem artefact reversible cell injury
reversible cell injury
Fatty change is most commonly seen in the
Answer
heart kidney spleen lung liver
liver
In association with cell injury each of the following is characteristically decreased EXCEPT:
Answer
oxidative phosphorylation ATP pH glycolysis protein synthesis
glycolysis
The first point of attack of hypoxia inducing cell injury is:
Answer
the plasma membrane oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria protein synthesis by rough endoplasmic reticulum enzymes of the lysosomes the genetic apparatus of the nucleus
oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria
A myocardial infarct is a good example of
Answer
caseous necrosis enzymatic fat necrosis liquefactive necrosis coagulative necrosis gangrenous necrosis
coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis is always seen in brain and is seen elsewhere as abscesses
Caseous necrosis=TB and granulomas
Which of the following is the first sign of anoxic cell injury?
Answer
cell swelling vacuolization karyorrhexis mitochondrial calcification pyknosis
cell swelling
Accumulation of fat in the liver following administration of carbon tetrachloride results from
Answer
an increased uptake of blood triglycerides a decrease in fatty acid oxidation inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis enhanced synthesis of free fatty acids increased synthesis of glycerides
inhibition of lipoprotein synthesis
Carbon tetrachloride inhibits lipoprotein synthesis causing accumulation of fat in the liver. Need lipoproteins to carry lipids out, so without them, the lipids accumulate in the hepatocytes
Ultrastructural changes seen with reversible injury include each of the following EXCEPT:
Answer
myelin figures blebs on the cell surface blunting of the microvilli swelling of the mitochondria dense, calcium rich granules
dense, calcium rich granules
Signs of reversible cell injury are: Myelin figures, blebs on the cell surface, blunting of the microvilli, and swelling of the mitochondria.
In ischemic cell injury there is an
Answer
efflux of K+ and Na+ influx of K+ and Ca++ influx of K+ and H2O influx of Na+ and Ca++ influx of Na+ and K+
influx of Na+ and Ca++
In ischemic cell injury there is an influx of Na+ and Ca2+
The most common cause of hypoxia associated with significant amount of cell injury is:
Answer
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease anemia carbon monoxide poisoning vascular occlusion cardiorespiratory failure
vascular occlusion
Each of the following concerning increased activity of phosphofructokinase is TRUE, EXCEPT:
Answer
stimulated by an increase in ATP results in a decrease in intracellular pH associated with a decrease in intracellular glycogen results in ATP generation from glycogen indirectly associated with the early clumping of nuclear chromatin
stimulated by an increase in ATP
- Following a myocardial infarction, the increased level of the serum enzyme creatine kinase is due to
Answermitochondrial swellingnuclear lysisincreased permeability of plasma membranesincreased endoplasmic reticulumincreased golgi activity
increased permeability of plasma membranes
A-
An-
ex. Agenesis
Without
agenesis= without beginning
Angio-
ex. angioplasty
vessel
Crypto-
ex. Cryptoorchidism
ex. cryptogenic
hidden
cryptoorchidism= undescended (hidden) testes
Cryptogenic= of hidden or unkown origin
Dys-
ex. dysplasia
bad
dysplasia=bad growth/maturation
Mega-
ex. Splenomegaly
Large
splenomegaly=enlarged spleen
Tele-
ex. telangiectasis
ex. telomeres
End
telomeres= ends of chromosomes
telangiectasis=Expansion or dilatation of small blood vessel
Meta-
ex. Metaplasia
after, between
Metaplasia= after, between growth
Metaplasia is an abnormality of cellular differentiation in which one type of mature cell is replaced by a different and the latter is not normal for the tissue involved.
- Myalgia
ex. Myalgia
pain
myalgia=muscle pain
- ectasia
ex. Atelectasis and Bronchiectasis
expansion
atelectasis=Atelectasis is the collapse of part or (much less commonly) all of a lung.
Bronchiectasis=expansion and/or dilation of the bronchi
- genic
ex. oncogenic
production
oncogenic= produces cancer
- oid
ex. fibroid
like/similar
fibroid=fiber like. It’ a tumor consisting of smooth muscles resembling fibrous tissue.
- philia
ex. zoophilia
love/affinity
zoophilia= love of animals/ affinity for animals
- rhea
ex. rhinorrhea
ex. amenorrhea
-flow
rhinorrhea=runny nose
amenorrhea= no menstrual flow
- rhexis
ex. karyorrhexis
-rupture
karyorrhexis= rupture of the nucleus
The death of cells or tissue w/in a living body is termed
A. Cytolysis B. Necrosis C.Putrefaction D. Autolysis E. Somatic death
B. Necrosis
Inflammation is best defined as
A. Cellular changes as a result of injury
B. Exudation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
C. Hemodynamic changes as a result of injury
D. Increased vascular permeability due to chemical mediators
E. Local reaction of a tissue to injury
E. Local reaction of a tissue to injury
An example of a reversible injury is
A. pyknosis B. cytoplasmic vacuoles C. rupture of cell membrane D. Karyolysis E. karyorrhexis
B. cytoplasmic vacuoles
An example of irreversible injury is
A. cellular edema B. chromatin clumping C. cytoplasmic inclusions D. mitochondrial swelling E. rupture of cell membrane
E. rupture of cell membrane
Which tissue is the most susceptible to liquefactive necrosis following ischemic injury?
A. pancreas B. liver C. spleen D. brain E. intestine
D. brain
Coagulative necrosis usually results from
A. abscess formation B. ischemia C. trauma D. tuberculosis E. syphillis
B. ischemia
Of the following, which most characteristically causes coagulative necrosis?
A. bacterial infection B. obstruction of blood flow C. decrease in hormones D. genetic enzyme abnormality E. alcoholism
B. obstruction of blood flow
Which of the following conditions is dependent upon hypercalcemia?
A. metastatic calcification B. ossification C. cornification D. dystrophic calcification E. gout
A. metastatic calcification
Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium in normal tissue. It’s the result of hypercalcemia and/or increased serum phosphate.
Not D. because dystrophic calcification is calcification of necrotic or previously damaged tissue. In dystrophic calcification, the calcium level is normal.
Not C, because cornification is the conversion of squamous epithelial cells into a keratinized horny material, such as hair, or nails.
Phagocytosis is enhanced by A. Cl B. bradykinin C. lysozyme D. opsonin E. serotonin
D. opsonin
In acute inflammation, as compared to chronic inflammation, there will be more
A. lymphocytes
B. fibrosis
C. plasma cells
D. neutrophils
D. neutrophils
Neutrophils are the major cells of acute inflammation.
Not A because lymphocytes are the cells of chronic inflammation
Tissue necrosis is usually followed immediately by
A. atrophy B. inflammation C. regeneration D. repair E. resolution
B. inflammation
The acute red discoloration of the skin in the earliest stages of inflammation is caused by
A. cyanosis
B. edema of the dermis
C. hyperemia of the blood vessels of the dermis
D. increased amount of pigment in the basal layers of the epidermis
E. lymphangiectasis
C. hyperemia of the blood vessels of the dermis
If the following events were put in sequence as they occur in an inflammatory reaction, which would occur third?
A. emigration of leukocytes
B. phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion
C. slowing of blood flow and red cell concentration
D. vascular dilatation and increased permeability
A. emigration of leukocytes
Emigration of leukocytes occurs third.
1st. D- vascular dilatation and increased permeability
2nd. C-slowing of blood flow and red cell concentration
3rd. A- emigration of leukocytes
4th. B-phagocytosis and enzymatic digestion
Her Majesty Reads Across the English Channel Again Proudly
Mnemonic for order of events following acute inflammation
- Hemostasis
- Margination-movement of white blood cells from central axial stream to periphery
- Rolling-tumbling of leukocytes along endothelial lining
- Adhesion-Attachment of white blood cells to the endothelial lining
- Emigration- movement of leukocytes out of endothelial vessels through interendothelial junctions
- Chemotaxis- leukocytes move to site of injury
- Aggregation- accumulation of leukocytes at site of injury
- Phagocytosis
Movement of white blood cells from central axial stream to periphery
Margination
Tumbling of leukocytes along endothelial lining
Rolling
Attachment of white blood cells to the endothelial lining
Adhesion
Movement of leukocytes out of endothelial vessels through interendothelial junctions
Emigration
Leukocytes move to site of injury
Chemotaxis
Accumulation of leukocytes at site of injury
Aggregation
Which of the following events in acute inflammation occurs first?
A. chemotaxis B. emigration C. hemostasis D. margination E. phagocytosis
C. hemostasis
Remember mnemonic: Her- Hemostasis Majesty-Margination Rode-Rolling Across the-Adhesion English-Emigration Channel-Chemotaxis Again-Aggregation Proudly-Phagocytosis
Migration of leukocytes directly toward a foreign substance or an injured tissue is called
A. diapedesis B. exudation C. emigration D. anaphylaxis E. chemotaxis
E. chemotaxis
Enzymes responsible for suppuration are derived chiefly from
A. tissue B. serum C. neutrophils D. lymphocytes E. plasma cells
C. neutrophils
The tumor of inflammation is due predominantly to
A. arteriolar dilation B. venous dilation C. capillary dilation D. increased intracellular fluid E. increased extracellular fluid
E. increased extracellular fluid.
Edema is increased fluid in the ISF
The principal mechanism by which vascular permeability is altered in acute inflammation is
A. disruption of vascular basement membrane
B. acceleration of vesicular transport
C. separation of endothelial junctions
D. increased hydrostatic pressure
E. increased osmotic pressure of tissue fluid
C. separation of endothelial junctions
Which part of the microcirculation is most consistently involved in the permeability changes and exudation of acute inflammation?
A. small arteries B. arterioles C. capillaries D. venules E. veins
D. venules
Of those listed, the earliest chemical mediator of inflammation is
A. histamine B. Hageman factor C. bradykinin D. serotonin E. kallikrein
A. histamine
The most important complement-derived chemotactic factor for neutrophils is
A. C1 B. C3a C. C4 D. C5A E.C5b67
D. C5A
Multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body type originate from
A. nuclear division of granulocytes
B. atypical regeneration of epithelium
C. megakaryocytes
D. fusion or nuclear division of macrophages
E. multiplication of nuclei in surrounding fibrocytes
D. fusion or nuclear division of macrophages
Which of the following cells is most abundant in an abscess?
A. eosinophil B. lymphocyte C. macrophage D. neutrophil E. plasma cell
D. neutrophil
A granuloma is
A. a small nodule of granulation tissue
B. a tumor compose dof granulocytes
C. a small hard mass of fibroblasts and collagen
D. composed primarily of mononuclear phagocytes
D. composed primarily of mononuclear phagocytes
The tensile strength of a healing or healed wound is largely contributed by
A. angioblasts
B. fibroblasts
C. collagen
D. macrophages
C. collagen
An infarct of the liver is healed by
A. complete resolution B. organization C. no repair D. orderly regeneration E. disorderly regeneration
B. organization
Organization=fibroplasia/fibrosis/scarring
Infarcts heal by organization (fibrosis), because the stromal cells are damaged.
Not regeneration (D, or E), because for regeneration to occur only the parenchyma can be damaged, the stromal cells can NOT be damaged
The least complicated repair of an incisional wound is referred to as
A. healing by resolution B. the secondary wound phenomenon C. healing by primary (first) intention D. remodeling E. healing by secondary (second) intention
C. healing by primary (first) intention
Healing by primary (first) intention- occurs with clean wounds when there has been little tissue damage and the wound edges are closely approximated. Classic example is a surgical incision
Healing by secondary (second) intention-occurs in wounds that have large tissue defects and when the two edges of the wound are not in contact. It requires larger amounts of granulation tissue to fill in the defect . It’s often accompanied by significant wound contraction. It often results in larger residual scars
