FHDT Neoplasia Dr. Breaux Flashcards
An abundance of non-neoplastic connective tissue in association with neoplastic growth is called Answer anaplasia dysplasia desmoplasia metaplasia hyperplasia
desmoplasia
In medicine, desmoplasia is the growth of fibrous or connective tissue.[1] It is also called desmoplastic reaction to emphasize that it is secondary to an insult. Desmoplasia may occur around a neoplasm, causing dense fibrosis around the tumor,[1] or scar tissue (adhesions) within the abdomen after abdominal surgery.[1]
Desmoplasia is usually only associated with malignant neoplasms, which can evoke a fibrosis response by invading healthy tissue. Infiltrating metastatic ductal carcinomas of the breast often have a scirrhous, stellate appearance caused by desmoplastic formations.
The most reliable feature in determining the malignancy of a neoplasm is Answer invasion of surrounding tissues anaplasia of the cells necrosis of the neoplasm metastasis presence of atypical mitosis
metastasis
Of the following neoplasms in children which is the most common? Answer leukemia leiomyoma neuroblastoma osteogenic sarcoma neuroblastoma
leukemia
Which of the following epithelial changes is most likely to be associated with malignant changes? Answer acanthosis hyperkeratosis parakeratosis dyskeratosis acantholysis
dyskeratosis
Dyskeratosis is abnormal keratinization occurring prematurely within individual cells or groups of cells below the stratum granulosum.[1]
Dyskeratosis congenita is congenital disease characterized by reticular skin pigmentation, nail degeneration, and leukoplakia on themucous membranes associated with short telomeres.[2]
Acanthosis is diffuse epidermal hyperplasia (thickening of the skin).
Acantholysis is the loss of intercellular connections, such as desmosomes, resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes,[1] seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris.[2] It is absent in bullous pemphigoid, making it useful for differential diagnosis.
Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by the retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. In mucous membranes, parakeratosis is normal.[1] In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal replacement of annular squames with nucleated cells. Parakeratosis is associated with the thinning or loss of the granular layer and is usually seen in diseases of increased cell turnover, whether inflammatory or neoplastic. Parakeratosis is seen in the plaques of psoriasis and in dandruff.
Hyperkeratosis (from Ancient Greek: ὑπέρ (hyper, “over”); keratos - keratin) is thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with a quantitative abnormality of the keratin,[1] and also usually accompanied by an increase in the granular layer. As the corneum layer normally varies greatly in thickness in different sites, some experience is needed to assess minor degrees of hyperkeratosis.
Of the factors listed below, the one most important in determining prognosis in a patient with a benign neoplasm is
Answer
the age of the patient
removal with the limiting capsule intact
rate of growth
site of the mass effect
likelihood of malignant transformation
site of the mass effect
A solitary remnant of immature neuroectoderm in the posterior mediastinum would be called a
Answer
teratoma choristoma hamartoma desmoid sarcoma
choristoma
Teratomas are tumors that contain all 3 germ layers.
Choristomas are masses of normal histological tissue in places where they should not be. Neuroectoderm is histologically normal, but in the wrong place.
Desmoid tumors are cytologically bland fibrous neoplasms originating from the musculoaponeurotic structures throughout the body.
Staging of malignant neoplasms is based upon
Answer
grade of the lesion degree of anaplasia size of the lesion thickness of tumor capsule extent of spread
extent of spread
The best method of screening for carcinoma of the cervix is
Answer
biopsy cytological examination of the cervical smear colposcopy bimanual pelvic examinations
cytological examination of the cervical smear
Determination of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels would be most helpful in
Answer
early detection of colon cancer in the general population detection of colon cancer in a group of patients with miscellaneous gastrointestinal disorders monitoring the response to surgery in patients treated for colon cancer confirming the diagnosis none of the above would represent an appropriate use of this test
monitoring the response to surgery in patients treated for colon cancer
Serum from individuals with colorectal carcinoma often has higher levels of CEA than healthy individuals (above approximately 2.5 ng/mL).[6] CEA measurement is mainly used as a tumor marker to monitor colorectal carcinoma treatment, to identify recurrences after surgical resection, for staging or to localize cancer spread through measurement of biological fluids
Carcinoma of which of the following organs has the lowest survival rate?
Answer
breast prostate colon stomach endometrium
stomach
Malignant neoplasms originating in tissue derived from either ectoderm or endoderm are usually classified as
Answer
hamartomas teratomas choristomas carcinomas sarcomas
carcinomas
In contrast to leiomyosarcomas, leiomyomas of the uterus are more likely to be
Answer
highly cellular irregular at their margins multiple spreading into surrounding tissue necrotic
multiple
Leiomyosarcomas would be necrotic, spreading to surrounding tissue, and irregular at their margins.
Stratified squamous epithelium which lacks a normal pattern of maturation and contains atypical cells is referred to as
Answer
neoplastic metaplastic hypoplastic dysplastic anaplastic
dysplastic
Following an abnormal Pap smear, a 34 year-old woman has a cervical biopsy. This demonstrated marked hyperchromatism and increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of the epithelial cells. These changes involved the lower third of the epithelium without involvement of the basement membrane. These changes are best described as
Answer
carcinoma in situ (CIN III) desmoplasia hyperplasia metaplasia mild dysplasia (CIN I)
carcinoma in situ (CIN III)
Dermoid cyst of the ovary represents a form of
Answer
anomaly ectopia hamartoma metaplasia teratoma
teratoma
Loss of orderly maturation of epithelium is by definition
Answer
hyperplasia metaplasia neoplasia dysplasia anaplasia
dysplasia
Metastatic carcinoma to a lymph node is first seen in the
Answer
follicles hilus medullary sinusoids capsule subcapsular sinus
subcapsular sinus
Which tumor is most often implicated in ectopic production of hormones?
Answer
retroperitoneal fibrosarcoma carcinoma of the large bowel hepatocarcinoma oat cell carcinoma of the lung mesothelioma
oat cell carcinoma of the lung
Multiple hematogenous metastases to the lung are most characteristic of
Answer
carcinoma of the cervix glioblastoma multiforme osteogenic sarcoma histiocytic lymphoma carcinoma of the endometrium
osteogenic sarcoma
Sarcomas are hematogenous
Carcinomas are lymphogenous
Which of the following neoplasms has been associated with vinyl chloride products in the plastics industry?
Answer
retroperitoneal sarcoma angiosarcoma of liver hemangioma of liver carcinoma of pancreas fibrosarcoma
angiosarcoma of liver
A lesion on an epithelial body surface characterized by hyperchromatism, disturbance of cell polarity and cellular invasion through the basement membrane is a(n)
Answer
carcinoma carcinoma in situ choristoma hamartoma papilloma
carcinoma
A 35-year-old woman had a firm nodule on the dome of the uterus four years ago. The nodule has slowly increased in size and is now about twice the size it was when first discovered. She is asymptomatic. The uterine nodule most likely represents
Answer
congenital malformation inflammation hyperplasia benign neoplasm malignant neoplasm
benign neoplasm
The most important criterion of malignancy in a rectal tubular adenoma is
Answer
excessive mitotic activity of epithelial components of the tumor
papillary overgrowth of epithelium, with loss of regular glandular pattern
anaplasia and disorientation of cells comprising the epithelial growth
invasion of the stalk or base of the polyp by the epithelial growth
the presence of multiple polypoid lesions
invasion of the stalk or base of the polyp by the epithelial growth
A 36-year-old woman noticed a lump in her left breast one month ago. The mass is hard and seems to be attached to the chest wall. Several 2-3 cm lumps are present in the left axilla. At the time of biopsy, the surgeon discovers a 4 cm hard, poorly defined mass in the breast. The most likely diagnosis is
Answer
carcinoma dysplasia hamartoma hyperplasia metaplasia
carcinoma
A 36-year-old rancher lacerated the skin of his upper arm while stringing barbed wire. Subsequent infection produced an area of subcutaneous suppuration. He then developed an enlarged, tender axillary lymph node. Microscopic examination of the lymph node would most likely reveal histologic features of
Answer
desmoplasia dysplasia neoplasia hyperplasia sarcoma
hyperplasia
The most characteristic feature of a neoplasm in contrast to a reactive or inflammatory overgrowth is the
Tendency to recur after surgical treatment size of the growth rapidity of the growth autonomous growth sensitivity to radiation
autonomous growth
which single manifestation of neoplastic growth is the most certain evidence that it is malignant?
cellular atypia and pleomorphism compression of surrounding tissue large size necrosis metastasis
metastasis
the undifferentiated, pleomorphic cells found in many malignant neoplasms are described by the word
hyperplastic dysplastic anaplastic hypoplastic aplastic
anaplastic
The most likely biologic course of an untreated benign neoplasm is
spontaneous resolution after a period of limited growth
necrosis and involution after a period of limited growth
slow progressive growth
progressive growth and spread to other body sites
transformation to malignant neoplasm
slow progressive growth
Which is a malignant neoplasm arising from smooth muscle?
leiomyoma
malignant melanoma
leiomyosarcoma
multiple myeloma
leiomyosarcoma
leiomyoma is benign
A malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin is a/an
adenoma carcinoma lymphoma sarcoma teratoma
carcinoma
Which of the following neoplasms typically produces lymph node metastases?
adenoma carcinoma glioma papilloma sarcoma
carcinoma
carcinomas are lymphogenous
sarcomas are hematogenous
The mean age of onset is lowest for which of the following neoplasms?
cancer of the skin carcinoma of colon carcinoma of cervix carcinoma of endometrium osteogenic sarcoma
osteogenic sarcoma
sarcomas often affect younger populations
carcinomas often affect older populations
the most common immediate cause of death in cancer patients is
anemia hemorrhage infection destruction of vital organ intravascular coagulation
infection
of the factors listed below, the one most important in determining prognosis in a patient with a benign neoplasm is
age of the patient removal with the limiting capsule intact rate of growth location likelihood of malignant transformation
location
the ectopic ACTH syndrome is most frequently seen in
chondrosarcoma gastric adenocarcinoma pulmonary small cell carcinoma pancreatic carcinoma renal cell carcinoma
pulmonary small cell carcinoma
definitive diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm is best made by
clinical history radiologic examination histologic examination of biopsy specimen physical examination radioisotope survey
histologic examination of biopsy specimen
a neoplasm composed of all 3 germ layers is a
choristoma fibroadenoma hamartoma mixed tumor teratoma
teratoma
mixed tumors are from the same germ cell layer, but have different morphological patterns
which of the following is a benign epithelial neoplasm?
teratoma hamartoma adenoma carcinoma sarcoma
adenoma
a mass composed of normal tissues native to the location but in abnormal amount or arrangement is called a(n)
hamartoma teratoma mixed tumor choristoma embryonal tumor
hamartoma
