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Ob Gyne 3 > Fetal Chest Pathology/GI > Flashcards

Fetal Chest Pathology/GI Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the chest cavity does the heart take up and which way should the apex point?

A

1/3, points to the left

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2
Q

When one or both lungs are underdeveloped

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia

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3
Q

Why are fetuses <24 weeks not considered viable?

A

Pulmonary immaturity

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4
Q

Most common cause of pulmonary hypoplasia

A

Lack of amniotic fluid

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5
Q

High GI obstruction/swallowing deficits causes?

A

Polyhydramnios

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6
Q

Any bilateral GU obstruction/renal agenesis causes what?

A

Oligohydramnios

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7
Q

At what level is a chest circumference measured? What is proper caliper placement?

A

4 chamber heart in transverse, measured outer to outer

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8
Q

What is CPAM

A

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation

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9
Q

Briefly describe CPAM type 1

A

Macrocystic >2cm

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10
Q

Describe CPAM type 2

A

Macro & microcystic, <1.5cm

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11
Q

Describe CPAM type 3

A

Microcystic, appears as very echogenic on U/S

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12
Q

Ectopic pulmonary tissue covered by its own pleura (little lung beside the left lung)

A

Pulmonary sequestration

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13
Q

Has an ectopic arterial supply off descending AO

A

Pulmonary sequestration

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14
Q

A cyst in the lung lined with bronchial epithelium

A

Bronchogenic cyst

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15
Q

A defect in the diaphragm which allows the abdominal contents to herniate into the chest

A

Diaphragmatic hernia

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16
Q

Two types of diaphragmatic hernias

A
  1. Foramen bochdalek: posterior lateral defect

2. Foramen maorgagni: central defect

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17
Q

What is the key sonographic sign of CDH? (Diaphragm hernia)

A

mediastinal shift

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18
Q

Lack of muscle in the diaphragm where abdominal contents push into chest area

A

Eventration of the diaphragm

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19
Q

Any amount of pleural fluid is abnormal at any gestation

A

Pleural effusions, may cause pulmonary hypoplasia

20
Q

2 types of pleural effusion

A
  1. Serous

2. Chylous- lymphatic fluid

21
Q

Congenitally non patent airway

A

Tracheal atresia

22
Q

Congenitally non patent esophagus

A

Esophageal atresia

23
Q

Anterior chest wall fusion defect that may cause the heart to be outside the cavity

A

Ectopia cordis

24
Q

5 defects involved: sternum, anterior diaphragm, pericardium, ectopia cordis, omphalocele

A

Pentalogy of Cantrell

25
Q

Bronchopulmonary sequestration is difficult to differentiate from which CPAM?

A

CPAM 3

26
Q

Which congenital lung lesion is a hamartoma?

A

CPAM

27
Q

A mediastinal shift with dextrocardia is detected on a fetus. What other finding would support congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

Absent fetal stomach

28
Q

With tracheal atresia, the lungs will appear?

A

Enlarged with distended airways

29
Q

An absent stomach on a fetal AC is concerning for what?

A

Diaphragmatic hernia and esophageal atresia

30
Q

At 8 weeks, the gut herniates outside the fetal abdominal cavity, is this normal?

A

Yes, it will return to the abdomen by 12 weeks

31
Q

Defect at the base of the cord where the abdominal contents herniate into the umbilical cord.

A

Omphalocele

32
Q

What lab value is increased with an omphalocele?

A

MSAFP

33
Q

A small omphalocele containing bowel only has a higher association of what?

A

Chromosomal abnormality

34
Q

What 4 things need to be assessed when there is an omphalocele?

A
  1. Is there a membrane surrounding the contents?
  2. Is the cord at the center of the mass?
  3. What organs are present in the omphalocele?
  4. Is there ascites?
35
Q

A defect in abdominal wall to the right of the umbilical cord insertion

A

Gastroschisis

36
Q

Bowel freely floating in the amniotic fluid with no covering membrane

A

Gastroschisis

37
Q

Missing limbs or club feet, abdominal content may be outside the body cavity, short or absent cord

A

Body stock anomaly

38
Q

Absent bladder with a soft tissue anterior mass

A

Bladder exstrophy

39
Q

The rectum and urogenital sinus develop from what primitive structure?

A

The cloaca

40
Q

“Double bubble” appearance

A

Duodenal atresia

41
Q

What is duodenal atresia usually associated with?

A

Trisomy 21

42
Q

Obstruction of small bowel with meconium

A

Meconium ileus

43
Q

T/F on ultrasound, bowel should be more echogenic than bone

A

False. It should be the same echogenicity as bone

44
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum that appears as echogenic reflectors throughout the bowel

A

Meconium peritonitis

45
Q

Dilation of the umbilical vein after it enters the fetal abdomen

A

Umbilical vein varix

46
Q

Echogenic or hyperechoic focus +/- shadowing in the fetal liver

A

Hepatic calcification

Ob Gyne 3 (17 decks)

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