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V - KCU - MSK1 (T1) - OMS1 > Fertilization & Gastrulation (EMB) > Flashcards

Fertilization & Gastrulation (EMB) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic period

A

Week 0 - 8 weeks

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2
Q

What is the obs calender

A

Used in clinical practices

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3
Q

What does the obs calendar ask?

A

When was your LMP

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4
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

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5
Q

When does the ovulatory calendar start?

A

Day 14 (ovulation)

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6
Q

What is the corona radiata

A

Folicular cells that cover the egg

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7
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

Glycoprotein-meshwork

Very important in the process of fertilization

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8
Q

Human ovum is what type of cell

A

Haploid cell

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9
Q

What is the perivitelline space

A

Space between plasma membrane and zona pellucida

Space where granuales are released from egg cell to aid in zona reaction

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10
Q

Sperm is either what or what

A

23 X or 23 Y

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11
Q

Week one is what days

A

0-7

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12
Q

What happens during week one

A

Fertilization, cleavage, formation of blastocyst, formation of embryoblast, and implantation

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13
Q

Fetilization occurs where

A

In the ampulla

Distal 3rd of the uterine tube

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14
Q

What is capacitation and where does it occur

A

Occurs in uterus and uterine tube

Glycoprotein coat on head of sperm is removed, allowing for an acrosome reaction to occur (release enzymes from enzymes)

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15
Q

What is hyaluranidase

A

Enzyme released by sperm to get through corona radiata

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16
Q

Step 1 of fertilization

A

Capacitaiton of sperm, release of hyaluronidase

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17
Q

Step 2 of fertilization

A

Penetration of zona pellucida by the release of estrases, acrosin, and neuraminidase from acrosome

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18
Q

What is a zona reaction

A

Blockage of access to ovum by other sperm to prevent polyspermy

This occurs by a conformational change

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19
Q

Step 3 in fertilization

A

Fusion of sperm with cytoplasm in ovum

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20
Q

Step 4 in fertilization

A

Formation of male pronucleus, fusion of female and male pronuclei

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21
Q

What are the cells called that are cleaved?

A

Blastomeres

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22
Q

What happens during cleavage

A

Increase in cell number, but a decrease in cell size

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23
Q

When does cleavage start

A

Aprox. 30 hours after fertilization

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24
Q

What is a morula and when does it occur

A

12 - 32 cells packed together

Occurs about day 3

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25
When does morula enter uterine cavity
Day 3
26
Morula becomes what
Blastocyst (no zona pellucida and with a blastocyst cavity)
27
Fusion of male and female pronuclei make a what
Zygote (pluripotent)
28
Implantation begins when
Day 6
29
When in zona pellucida completely gone
Day 7
30
The inner cell mass gives rise to what
Embryo
31
The trophoblast gives rise to what
The placenta
32
The blastocyst is considered what at the end of week one
A one layer cell
33
Trophoblast cells release what to protect cell
Early pregnancy factor
34
Trophoblast cells differentiate to give rise to what
Cytotrophoblast
35
Cytotrophoblast gives rise to what
Syncytiotrophoblast
36
What does the syncytiotrophoblast do
1. Release proteolytic enzymes which allows for implantation | 2. Release hcg - tells woman’s body that she is prego (is basis for prego test)
37
What does the cytrotrophoblast do
Makes stem cell layer which is mitotically active
38
Hydatidiform mole
Abnormal trophoblast proliferation due to excess amount of hCG TWO TYPES
39
Complete mole
1. Fertilization of an empty oocyte followed by duplication of the sperm
40
Partial mole
Results from the fertilization of a normal oocyte by two sperm This is due to a faulty zona reaction Presents as vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, enlarged uterus, and hyperemesis gravidarum
41
Inner cell mass gives rise to what two things
Epiblast and hypoblast
42
Epiblast gives rise to what
Ectoderm, amnion, and amniotic cavity
43
Hypoblast is only present when
During week two
44
They hypoblast gives rise to what
Endoderm - extraembryonic Primary and secondary yolk sack (umbilical vesicle) Extraembryonic mesoderm
45
What does the endoderm give rise to
Prechordal plate - location of the future mouth and organization center for the head
46
What is the difference between primary and secondary yolk sacks
Timing, primary comes first
47
What is the extraembryonic coelom
Hollow cavity outside the embryo
48
Two types of mesoderm
EE somatic Mesoderm | EE splanchnic Mesoderm
49
Extraembryotic Somatic mesoderm
Lines the trophoblast and covers the amnio Next to cells of ectoderm
50
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
Lines the yolk sac
51
Connecting stalk
Part of the extraembryonic somatic mesoderm Forms the embryonic pole and umbilicus Position changes during development
52
Primitive blood
Comes from EE splanchnic mesoderm Forms in the wall of the yolk sack
53
Chorion
Comes from the EE somatic mesoderm
54
Broad over view, what happens in week 1, 2, and 3
Wk. 1 - formation of inner cell mass Wk. 2 - formation of epiblast and hypoblast Wk. 3 - gastrulation (formation of 3 germ layers)
55
When will female know if she is pregnant
Week 3
56
All germ layers come from what
Epiblast
57
Things that come from ectoderm
Skin, hair, nails, brain, SC
58
Things that come from mesoderm
Muscle, bone, blood, heart, spleen
59
Things that come from endoderm
Lungs, GI system, bladder, thyroid glands
60
What are the three germ layers
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
61
Primitive streak starts where
Caudil region
62
What forms first, precordial plate and chloaca or prim. Streak?
Precordial plate and chloaca
63
The primitive streak does what
Replaces hypoblast with true endoderm Makes true mesoderm
64
Cells on top in epiblast become what
Ectoderm
65
The septum transversum becomes what
Future diaphragm
66
The prechordial plate and cloacal membrane do not have what
Mesoderm (no blood supply) They rupture
67
What does the somatic mesoderm cover
The trophoblast and the amnion
68
What does the splanchnic mesoderm cover
The yolk sack
69
The cloacal membrane becomes what
The anus, it falls off and opens up
70
What is a sacrococygeal teratoma
Remanent of the primitive streak that protrudes out due to pluripotent cells OR Abnormal germ cell migration
71
What is the notochord
Template for vertebral column
72
Where does the notochord extend from
Extends midline from primitive pit to prechordal plate
73
What does the notochord do (3 things)
Provides longitudinal axis for embryo Provides template for vertebral column Induces formation of neural plate and CNS
74
The notochord is a what structure
Mesodermal structure
75
Describe the formation of the notochord
Cells forming notochord migrate from primitive pit in a cephalic direction Notochordal process forms and fuses with endoderm and forms the notochordal plate which connects the yolk sack with the amniotic cavity Notochrod cells reform and form the notochord proper
76
What is a chordoma
Rare slow growing aggressive neoplasms of bone
77
What do chordomas arise from
Remnants of the notochord
78
What is the allantois
Diverticulum coming from yolk sack
79
What is allantoid made of
Endoderm
80
What does the allantois do
Becomes template for umbilical arteries and veins as well as urachus
81
What is paraxial mesoderm and where is it located
Located just adjacent to notochord Gives rise to structures called somites
82
What are somites and what do they give rise to
Part of paraxial mesoderm Gives rise to myotome (muscle), sclerotone (bone) , and dermatone (skin)
83
What is the intermediate mesoderm and where is it located
Gives rise to urogenital (kidneys and gonads) and located between paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate
84
What is lateral plate and where is it located
Located on the extreme end of the mesoderm Gives rise to connective tissue
85
What are the two layers of the lateral plate
1. Somatic - adjacent to ectoderm (on top) | 2. Splanchnic - adjacent to endoderm (on bottom)

V - KCU - MSK1 (T1) - OMS1 (16 decks)

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