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V - KCU - MSK1 (T1) - OMS1 > Development Of Limbs > Flashcards

Development Of Limbs Flashcards

1
Q

What develops faster, upper or lower limbs?

A

Upper

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2
Q

Limb buds form when

A

Week 4

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3
Q

Digits form when

A

Week 8

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4
Q

Primary ossification centrs form when

A

Week 12

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5
Q

Muscles come from what

A

Somite mesoderm

Which comes from paraxial mesoderm

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6
Q

Cartilage and connective tissue come from what

A

Somatic mesoderm

From the lateral plate of the mesoderm

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7
Q

Limb forming mesoderm releases what to stimulate surface ectoderm

A

FGF 10

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8
Q

FGF 10 stimulates surface ectoderm to become what

A

Apical ectodermal ridge

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9
Q

Apical ectodermal ridge releases what to stimulate mesoderm

A

FGF 8 and FGF 4

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10
Q

Limb grows in what direction

A

From proximal to distal

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11
Q

What is the stylopod and what does it give rise to

A

Most proximal region of limb bud

Humerus and femur

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12
Q

What is the zeugopod and what does it give rise to

A

Radius/ulna and tib/fib

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13
Q

What is the autopod and what does it give rise to

A

Most distal region of the limb bud

Gives rise to carpel, metacarpals, digits, and tarsals

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14
Q

Week 4 sees the formation of what

A

Limb buds

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15
Q

What happens in week 5

A

Hand plates form before foot plates

The appearance of the chondrification centers

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16
Q

What happens in week 6

A

Formation of digital rays of hands

The mesoderm of the somatic layer of the lateral plate condense and give rise to digits

The entire skeleton system is cartilaginous

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17
Q

What happens in week 8

A

The separate digits are formed through apoptosis with the help of BMP

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18
Q

What happens in week 7

A

Osteogenesis of long bones begins with the rotation of the limbs

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19
Q

Motor axons from spinal cord enter the limb buds when

A

Week 5

20
Q

Sensory neurons come from where

A

Neural crest

21
Q

Motor neurons come from where

A

Neuro ectoderm

22
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to what else in terms of neurons?

A

Schwann cells

23
Q

Upper limbs rotates how and where

A

Lateral 90

24
Q

Lower limbs rotate where and how much

A

Medially 90

25
Q

Rotation of the limbs occurs when

A

Week 7

26
Q

Intersegmental arteries give rise to what

A

A primary axial artery

27
Q

The primary axial artery gives rise to what

A

Brachial artery

28
Q

Define club foot

A

Most common skeletal abnormality

Feet are plantar flexed, turned in medially and inverted

All anatomical structures present

More common in males

29
Q

How does club foot happen

A

Too little amniotic fluid, restricted limb movement

30
Q

Define developmental hip dysplasia

A

More common in females

Under development of the acetabulum of the hip bone

Generalized joint laxity

31
Q

Patterning is due to what

A

Hox genes

32
Q

Define proximo-distal growth

A

Hox genes regulate types and shapes of bones

Uses FGF 4 and 8

33
Q

Define dorso-ventral patterning

A

BMP’s maintain ventral surface

Wnt7 maintain the dorsal surface

These signals establish the AER

34
Q

Define anterior-posterior patterning

A

Zone of polarizing activity releases retnoic acid and SHH to form posterior elements (digits)

35
Q

What happens with a loss of ZPA

A

Loss of posterior elements

36
Q

What happens with the upregulation of ZPA

A

Additional posterior elements (polydactyly)

37
Q

What happens with duplication of ZPA

A

Duplication of posterior elements

38
Q

Issues with FGF 8/4/10 will mean what

A

Short structures (brachydactyly)

39
Q

Issues with BMPS will mean what

A

Issues with separating structures

40
Q

Loss of ZPA means what

A

Loss of an element

41
Q

Upregulation of ZPA means what

A

Additional element

42
Q

Duplication of ZPA means what

A

Additional duplicate digit on same side

43
Q

What is ameylia

A

Weeks 3/4

No upper limbs

44
Q

Split hand defect

A

Ectrodactyly

45
Q

What is arthrogyposis

A

Joint and connective tissue disorders

V - KCU - MSK1 (T1) - OMS1 (16 decks)

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