Fertility & Fertility Control Flashcards
What is the process of sperm being moved?
Sperm: testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> vagina -> cervix -> uterus -> uterine tubes
How are ova matured and released from a woman?
Ovum: ovaries -> uterine tubes
one ovum is released each menstrual cycle (~14 days)
Where does fertilization occur?
uterine tubes aka fallopian tubes
What happens to the zygote post-fertilization?
Divides into a mass of cells, which implants in the endometrium, which then becomes an embryo after several divisions. After ~8 weeks, the embryo becomes a fetus.
Methods of Natural Birth Control
Abstinence
Outercourse
Coitus Interruptus
Fertility Awareness
Abstinence
not engaging in sexual activity
Outercourse
hugging, kissing, touching, manual stimulation
Coitus Interruptus
withdrawal or pulling out (not recommended)
Why is coitus interruptus unreliable?
pre-ejaculatory secretions can have millions of sperm in them. Requires deep trust from female and control from male.
Fertility Awareness (NFP)
abstaining for sex during ~9-13 day cycle
Cervical Mucous/ Ovulation Method
used to assess the character of the cervical mucous changes during the menstrual cycle:
Calendar/ rhythm Method
Lady records her menstrual cycle by assuming that the ovulation occurs roughly 14 days before the onset of the next menstrual cycle, and avoids sex during that time. (usually a 2-day period of abstinence)
Basal body temperature method
a birth control method based on body temperature changes before and after ovulation
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
methods for overcoming infertility that include artificial insemination, fertility drugs, and IVF
Sperm donor (surrogation)
a male who makes his sperm available for artificial insemination
Intrauterine Insemination
the introduction of semen into the vagina or uterus by mechanical or instrumental means rather than by sexual intercourse
Hormone Therapy
low daily doses of estrogen, either alone or in combination with progesterone, aimed at reducing the physical discomforts of menopause
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
gametes are fertilized in a dish, and the resulting zygote is implanted in the uterus for development
Adoption
the legal process by which parents take another person’s child into their family to be raised as their own
Non-Prescription Contraceptives
male condoms, female condoms, spermicide, contraceptive sponge, plan B
Male Condom: pros & cons
Pros: best STI protection; no side effects
Cons: can disrupt activity and diminish stimulation; some latex allergy; can break
% of male condom failure with perfect and imperfect use
2% for perfect use
17% for imperfect use
Female Condom: pros & cons
Pros: STI protection; can be inserted 8 hours prior sex
Cons: noisy; uncomfortable; slippage
% of female condom slippage with perfect use and in new relationships
5% with perfect use
27% in newer relationships
Spermicide: pros & cons
Pros: inexpensive; readily available
Cons: used w/ or w/o diaphragm; must be inserted 10-20 minutes prior sex; no STI protection
Contraceptive Sponge: pros & cons
Pros: insert right before or several hours before; inexpensive
Cons: no STI protection; may increase HIV risk; one-time use
Plan B: pros & cons
Pros: used up to 5 days post-sex
Cons: nausea/ vomiting, irregular bleeding, fatigue, headache, dizziness, tender breasts
Ideal time for Plan B
Within 72 hours for better results
How much % does plan B reduce pregnancy?
75%
Hormonal Contraceptives
Mimics pregnancy hormones making body think its pregnant (prevents ovulation)
Barrier (non-hormonal)
barrier/ cervical cap
Injectable Contraceptive: pros & cons
Pros: 3-month protection; effective; discrete
Cons: no STI protection; menstrual irregularities (weight gain)
Contraceptive Patch: pros & cons
Pros: effective; discrete
Cons: no STI protection; side effects (irritation around patch, breast discomfort)
Hormonal Ring (NuvaRing): pros & cons
Pros: 3-week protection; shorter; lighter
Cons: no STI protection; side effects
Diaphragm (barrier, non-hormonal): pros & cons
Pros: 6 hours prior sex; 6 hour protection
Cons: needs to be fitted; expensive; slippage; must remain 6-hours post-sex
Intrauterine Device (IUDs)
prevents fertilization
Intrauterine Device (IUD): pros & cons
Pros: lasts 3-5 years, may stop menstruation; effective immediately; reduces risk of cancer
Cons: no STI protection; expensive; needs to be inserted; cramps
Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)
permanent procedure where uterine tube is cut then cauterized so pathway for ovum is blocked
Vasectomy Steps
- Locate vas deferens & make small incision in scrotum to expose vas
- Remove small section of vas & cauterize then re-stitch
- Steps repeated on other side
When is abortion not normally performed?
Post 24 weeks
Abortion
Dilation and curtilage or vacuum aspiration to empty contents
First Trimester
Morning sickness and high risk of spontaneous abortion
Second Trimester
Abdomen starts to swell and initial body movement
Third Trimester
rapid fetal growth
Keys to Healthy Pregnancy: Eating
In 2nd and 3rd trimester eat more (not too much or else develop offspring problems of obesity or T2 diabetes)
Avoid sodium
Adequate intake of folic acid to prevent tube defects (required for DNA regulation)
Keys to Healthy Pregnancy: Food Safety Concerns
Pregnant women have higher risk of infection
Steps of Labour
- Positioning of body downward (head first)
- Delivery of baby
- Post-Delivery
- Delivery of Baby
Head presses against cervix (stretching it) which signals stretch receptors and signals brain to produce oxytocin (acts on uterine wall to form contractions)
- Post-Delivery
Cervix diluted large enough for baby to move out. The expulsion of placenta, sac, and umbilical cord will be expelled from baby
Breastfeeding: Pros & Recommendations
Pros: reduces CVD risk, diabetes, autoimmune, and allergies; bonds child to mother
Recommendation: first 6-months
