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BPK 140 > Fertility & Fertility Control > Flashcards

Fertility & Fertility Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of sperm being moved?

A

Sperm: testes -> epididymis -> vas deferens -> urethra -> vagina -> cervix -> uterus -> uterine tubes

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2
Q

How are ova matured and released from a woman?

A

Ovum: ovaries -> uterine tubes

one ovum is released each menstrual cycle (~14 days)

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3
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

uterine tubes aka fallopian tubes

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4
Q

What happens to the zygote post-fertilization?

A

Divides into a mass of cells, which implants in the endometrium, which then becomes an embryo after several divisions. After ~8 weeks, the embryo becomes a fetus.

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5
Q

Methods of Natural Birth Control

A

Abstinence

Outercourse

Coitus Interruptus

Fertility Awareness

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6
Q

Abstinence

A

not engaging in sexual activity

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7
Q

Outercourse

A

hugging, kissing, touching, manual stimulation

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8
Q

Coitus Interruptus

A

withdrawal or pulling out (not recommended)

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9
Q

Why is coitus interruptus unreliable?

A

pre-ejaculatory secretions can have millions of sperm in them. Requires deep trust from female and control from male.

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10
Q

Fertility Awareness (NFP)

A

abstaining for sex during ~9-13 day cycle

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11
Q

Cervical Mucous/ Ovulation Method

A

used to assess the character of the cervical mucous changes during the menstrual cycle:

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12
Q

Calendar/ rhythm Method

A

Lady records her menstrual cycle by assuming that the ovulation occurs roughly 14 days before the onset of the next menstrual cycle, and avoids sex during that time. (usually a 2-day period of abstinence)

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13
Q

Basal body temperature method

A

a birth control method based on body temperature changes before and after ovulation

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14
Q

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

A

methods for overcoming infertility that include artificial insemination, fertility drugs, and IVF

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15
Q

Sperm donor (surrogation)

A

a male who makes his sperm available for artificial insemination

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16
Q

Intrauterine Insemination

A

the introduction of semen into the vagina or uterus by mechanical or instrumental means rather than by sexual intercourse

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17
Q

Hormone Therapy

A

low daily doses of estrogen, either alone or in combination with progesterone, aimed at reducing the physical discomforts of menopause

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18
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

gametes are fertilized in a dish, and the resulting zygote is implanted in the uterus for development

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19
Q

Adoption

A

the legal process by which parents take another person’s child into their family to be raised as their own

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20
Q

Non-Prescription Contraceptives

A

male condoms, female condoms, spermicide, contraceptive sponge, plan B

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21
Q

Male Condom: pros & cons

A

Pros: best STI protection; no side effects

Cons: can disrupt activity and diminish stimulation; some latex allergy; can break

22
Q

% of male condom failure with perfect and imperfect use

A

2% for perfect use

17% for imperfect use

23
Q

Female Condom: pros & cons

A

Pros: STI protection; can be inserted 8 hours prior sex

Cons: noisy; uncomfortable; slippage

24
Q

% of female condom slippage with perfect use and in new relationships

A

5% with perfect use

27% in newer relationships

25
Q

Spermicide: pros & cons

A

Pros: inexpensive; readily available

Cons: used w/ or w/o diaphragm; must be inserted 10-20 minutes prior sex; no STI protection

26
Q

Contraceptive Sponge: pros & cons

A

Pros: insert right before or several hours before; inexpensive

Cons: no STI protection; may increase HIV risk; one-time use

27
Q

Plan B: pros & cons

A

Pros: used up to 5 days post-sex

Cons: nausea/ vomiting, irregular bleeding, fatigue, headache, dizziness, tender breasts

28
Q

Ideal time for Plan B

A

Within 72 hours for better results

29
Q

How much % does plan B reduce pregnancy?

A

75%

30
Q

Hormonal Contraceptives

A

Mimics pregnancy hormones making body think its pregnant (prevents ovulation)

31
Q

Barrier (non-hormonal)

A

barrier/ cervical cap

32
Q

Injectable Contraceptive: pros & cons

A

Pros: 3-month protection; effective; discrete

Cons: no STI protection; menstrual irregularities (weight gain)

33
Q

Contraceptive Patch: pros & cons

A

Pros: effective; discrete

Cons: no STI protection; side effects (irritation around patch, breast discomfort)

34
Q

Hormonal Ring (NuvaRing): pros & cons

A

Pros: 3-week protection; shorter; lighter

Cons: no STI protection; side effects

35
Q

Diaphragm (barrier, non-hormonal): pros & cons

A

Pros: 6 hours prior sex; 6 hour protection

Cons: needs to be fitted; expensive; slippage; must remain 6-hours post-sex

36
Q

Intrauterine Device (IUDs)

A

prevents fertilization

37
Q

Intrauterine Device (IUD): pros & cons

A

Pros: lasts 3-5 years, may stop menstruation; effective immediately; reduces risk of cancer

Cons: no STI protection; expensive; needs to be inserted; cramps

38
Q

Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)

A

permanent procedure where uterine tube is cut then cauterized so pathway for ovum is blocked

39
Q

Vasectomy Steps

A
  1. Locate vas deferens & make small incision in scrotum to expose vas
  2. Remove small section of vas & cauterize then re-stitch
  3. Steps repeated on other side
40
Q

When is abortion not normally performed?

A

Post 24 weeks

41
Q

Abortion

A

Dilation and curtilage or vacuum aspiration to empty contents

42
Q

First Trimester

A

Morning sickness and high risk of spontaneous abortion

43
Q

Second Trimester

A

Abdomen starts to swell and initial body movement

44
Q

Third Trimester

A

rapid fetal growth

44
Q

Keys to Healthy Pregnancy: Eating

A

In 2nd and 3rd trimester eat more (not too much or else develop offspring problems of obesity or T2 diabetes)

Avoid sodium

Adequate intake of folic acid to prevent tube defects (required for DNA regulation)

45
Q

Keys to Healthy Pregnancy: Food Safety Concerns

A

Pregnant women have higher risk of infection

46
Q

Steps of Labour

A
  1. Positioning of body downward (head first)
  2. Delivery of baby
  3. Post-Delivery
47
Q
  1. Delivery of Baby
A

Head presses against cervix (stretching it) which signals stretch receptors and signals brain to produce oxytocin (acts on uterine wall to form contractions)

48
Q
  1. Post-Delivery
A

Cervix diluted large enough for baby to move out. The expulsion of placenta, sac, and umbilical cord will be expelled from baby

49
Q

Breastfeeding: Pros & Recommendations

A

Pros: reduces CVD risk, diabetes, autoimmune, and allergies; bonds child to mother

Recommendation: first 6-months

BPK 140 (12 decks)

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