Cancer

Question 1

Cancer: Biology

Answer 1

irregular uncontrollable multiplication of cells due to genetic mutation in the cell cycle

abnormal cells make more abnormal cells

Question 2

Stages of Tumour Development

Answer 2

1. Hyperplasia
2. Dyplasia
3. Situ Cancer
4. Localized Invasive Cancer
5. Metastais

Question 3

Hyperplasia

Answer 3

Altered cells divide abnormally compared to others which may lead to new mutations and even more cell proliferation

Question 4

Dysplasia

Answer 4

cells mutate more into abnormal shape and may develop into cancer

Question 5

Situ Cancer

Answer 5

Affected cells mutate more (shape & size) and may stay localized or move somewhere else

Question 6

Localized Invasive Cancer

Answer 6

Abnormal cells can invade nearby tissue and affect the organs’ function, but they cannot spread beyond the boundaries of the organ of origin.

Question 7

Metastasis

Answer 7

Tumor can shed malignant cells into blood or lymphatic vessels carrying to distant site to produce secondary tumors

Question 8

Causes of Cancer

Answer 8

Carcinogens

Radiation

Pathogens

Question 9

How Cancer Impacts the Body

Answer 9

Blocks blood vessels, compromise nerves, or affects bodily functions

Question 10

Blood Cancer

Answer 10

leukemia

no tumours but abnormal reproduction rates

Question 11

Advanced Tumours

Answer 11

saps bloody supply, nutrients, and energy from healthy cells

Question 12

Top 3 Cancers for Females

Answer 12

1. Breast
2. Lungi, Bronchi
3. Colorectal

Question 13

Top 3 Cancers for Males

Answer 13

1. Prostrate
2. Colorectal
3. Lung, Bronchi

Question 14

Skin Cancer

Answer 14

mostly carcinomas

slow growth and easy treatment

Question 15

Malignant Melanoma: Risk Factors and Prevention

Answer 15

Risk Factors: fair skin and hair; light eyes, freckles and sunburns; childhood sunburns or intense sun exposure; history; large # of moles

Prevention: sunscreen if even cloudy

Question 16

What is the survival rate of Breast Cancer if caught early?

Answer 16

80%

Question 17

Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Prevention, & Treatment

Answer 17

Risk Factors: age, genetics, age at onset of menstruation (lifetime exposure to estrogen)

Prevention: mammogram screening

Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

Question 18

How does breast cancer develop?

Answer 18

lymph nodes near breast metastasize

Question 19

Breast Cancer: Surgical Removal

Answer 19

for localized cancer

tumour and adjacent lymph nodes are removed (eg lumpectomy, mastectomy)

Question 20

Lung Cancer: Risk Factors & 5-Year Survival Rate

Answer 20

RF: smoking (#1), 2nd-hand smoking (#2), asbestos, pollution,

5-Year Survival Rate: no effective screening, symptoms appear late, difficult treatment

Question 21

Risk of lung cancer for non-smokers?

Answer 21

5-10%

Question 22

Prostrate

Answer 22

A walnut-sized gland near the gall bladder that secretes fluid part of semen

Question 23

Prostrate Cancer Statistics

Answer 23

Deadly if spread, but 95% survival rate if detected early

Question 24

Prostrate Cancer: Symptoms, Risk Factors,

Answer 24

S: None (most times), sometimes changes in urinary frequency

RF: age, obesity, physical inactivity, STI history, diets w/ excess animal fats, low plant matter

Question 25

Prostrate Cancer: Prevention & Screening

Answer 25

Prevention: regular screening (Digital Rectal Exam or Prostrate-Specific Antigen Test)

Treatment: surgery to remove prostate, radiation, cryotherapy, drugs

Question 26

Colorectal Cancer: Risk Factors & Symptoms

Answer 26

RF: age, male, inflammatory, bowel disease & family history, obesity, smoking, alcohol abuse, real/ processed meats

Symptoms: change in bowel movements, pain/ tenderness in the abdomen, blood in feces

Question 27

Colorectal Cancer: Screening

Answer 27

colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, fecal blood screening (age >50)

Question 28

sigmoidoscopy

Answer 28

a diagnostic test on the sigmoid colon to check for diarrhea or belly pain

Question 29

Fecal Blood Screening

Answer 29

help find colon cancer before symptoms form

Question 29

colonoscopy

Answer 29

check inside of the entire colon (large intestine) using the camera

Question 30

Polyps

Answer 30

a small clump of cells that forms on the lining of the colon that may grow into cancerous cells

Question 31

Cervical Cancer: RF, Screening, Prevention

Answer 31

RF: HPV

Screening: regular PAP tests to detect pre-cancerous lesions if sexually active

Prevention: HPV vaccines

Question 32

Screening

Answer 32

general examinations on “apparently” healthy populations to see who might have a disease

Question 33

Testing

Answer 33

specific tests for those believed to have disease to improve identification method

Question 34

Chemotherapy

Answer 34

Uses drugs to kill cancer cells (for cancer) to target rapidly dividing cells

Can also adversely target other normal cells (eg hair follicles, and linings causing nausea and fatigue)

Question 35

Biopsy

Answer 35

removes and analyzes tissue

more invasive, time-consuming, and costly

Question 36

Radiation Therapy

Answer 36

Beams focused from several directions in high doses to kill tumour cells

Combined with chemo, for benign cancer

S: damage DNA, kill healthy cells

Question 37

Immunotherapy

Answer 37

stimulating the immune system with drugs to increase antibodies, t-cells

example: HPV or infectious disease vaccines

Treatment: good against prostrate

Question 38

Gene Therapy

Answer 38

modify genetic material of cancer and immune cells

Question 39

Hormone Therapy

Answer 39

drugs blocking hormone receptors or lower hormone levels (eg estrogen)

Question 40

Cancer Prevention: Environment

Answer 40

*0% caused by environmental factors such as smoking, carcinogen exposure, diet, not screening