Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes

Question 1

Cardiovascular System: Blood Transport

Answer 1

Superior & inferior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs to be oxygenated -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> rest of body

Question 2

Causes of Atherosclerosis

Answer 2

MoT: nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol. free radicals

Question 3

Atherosclerosis

Answer 3

It begins with small lesion in the blood vessel

Fats (trans fats) deposit in lesions

Macrophages try to help fill it with cholesterol but it explodes causing blood clots and narrowed arteries

Question 4

Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 4

Soft tissue replaced with calcium, mineral deposits which lead to stiffer walls and irreversible damage

Question 4

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

Answer 4

damaged or death of heart muscles due to clogged arteries

S: chest discomfort, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, light-headedness

Question 5

Stroke (Thrombovascular Incidents)

Answer 5

Occurs when blockage or restricted flow of blood to the brain, restricting O2 delivery and causing tissue death

Ischemic or Hemorrhagic

Question 6

% of Ischemic Stroke vs Hemorrhagic

Answer 6

I: 80% vs H: 20%

Question 7

Ischemic Stroke

Answer 7

blockage disrupts blood flow to brain

Question 8

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 8

blood vessels burst

Question 9

Heart Disease: Overall death %, prevalent age group with %, % increase for >65

Answer 9

5% (M>F)

Ages 50-64 (8%)

> 65 (18%)

Question 10

% of Stroke

Answer 10

17% (M=F)

Question 11

How does stroke affect people over 75 years?

Answer 11

7% of survivors still experience effects of stroke

Question 12

Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 12

Bad cholesterol: move from blood to vessel walls and increase CVD risk

Question 13

High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 13

Good cholesterol: promote reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk

Question 14

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Answer 14

Causes strain on the heart and blood vessels

Extra strain can cause atherosclerosis

Question 15

Consequences of Hypertension

Answer 15

Eye damage, stroke, heart attack, damages artery walls, kidney failure

Question 16

Odds of contracting CVD or Stroke problems with diabetes?

Answer 16

2-4x increased odds if untreated

Question 17

T1 Diabetes

Answer 17

insulin-dependant

hereditary where the body can’t take in insulin

Question 18

Insulin

Answer 18

required for cells to take in glucose

Question 19

T2 Diabetes

Answer 19

non-insulin dependent

Caused by person choices and can’t respond to insulin

Question 20

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 20

Dangers: CVD, stroke, kidney failure, impotence, blindness, skin sores

Treatment: no cure, blood sugar levels must be kept stable

Risk Factors: obesity, ethnicity, physical inactivity, family history

Question 21

How to lessen the effects of T1 or T2

Answer 21

T1: insulin injections

T2: lifestyle modifications + medication

Question 22

Angioplasty

Answer 22

enlarge the artery with a balloon-type instrument to push open the vessel and insert a stent to hold it open

Question 23

Coronary Artery Bypass

Answer 23

if angioplasty fails., you can replace blocked coronary arteries with healthy segments of vessels elsewhere in the body