Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Flashcards
Cardiovascular System: Blood Transport
Superior & inferior Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs to be oxygenated -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> rest of body
Causes of Atherosclerosis
MoT: nicotine, high blood pressure, cholesterol. free radicals
Atherosclerosis
It begins with small lesion in the blood vessel
Fats (trans fats) deposit in lesions
Macrophages try to help fill it with cholesterol but it explodes causing blood clots and narrowed arteries
Coronary Heart Disease
Soft tissue replaced with calcium, mineral deposits which lead to stiffer walls and irreversible damage
Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
damaged or death of heart muscles due to clogged arteries
S: chest discomfort, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, light-headedness
Stroke (Thrombovascular Incidents)
Occurs when blockage or restricted flow of blood to the brain, restricting O2 delivery and causing tissue death
Ischemic or Hemorrhagic
% of Ischemic Stroke vs Hemorrhagic
I: 80% vs H: 20%
Ischemic Stroke
blockage disrupts blood flow to brain
Hemorrhagic Stroke
blood vessels burst
Heart Disease: Overall death %, prevalent age group with %, % increase for >65
5% (M>F)
Ages 50-64 (8%)
> 65 (18%)
% of Stroke
17% (M=F)
How does stroke affect people over 75 years?
7% of survivors still experience effects of stroke
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
Bad cholesterol: move from blood to vessel walls and increase CVD risk
High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Good cholesterol: promote reabsorption of cholesterol and lower CVD risk
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
Causes strain on the heart and blood vessels
Extra strain can cause atherosclerosis
Consequences of Hypertension
Eye damage, stroke, heart attack, damages artery walls, kidney failure
Odds of contracting CVD or Stroke problems with diabetes?
2-4x increased odds if untreated
T1 Diabetes
insulin-dependant
hereditary where the body can’t take in insulin
Insulin
required for cells to take in glucose
T2 Diabetes
non-insulin dependent
Caused by person choices and can’t respond to insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
Dangers: CVD, stroke, kidney failure, impotence, blindness, skin sores
Treatment: no cure, blood sugar levels must be kept stable
Risk Factors: obesity, ethnicity, physical inactivity, family history
How to lessen the effects of T1 or T2
T1: insulin injections
T2: lifestyle modifications + medication
Angioplasty
enlarge the artery with a balloon-type instrument to push open the vessel and insert a stent to hold it open
Coronary Artery Bypass
if angioplasty fails., you can replace blocked coronary arteries with healthy segments of vessels elsewhere in the body
