females repro 2 Flashcards
uterine tube is also known as
-fallopian tube
-oviduct
salpinx uterina
four segments of the uterine tube
- infundibulum (In): funnel shaped and contains fimbriae which have many iliated cells and catches the ovum
- Ampulla: fertilization usually occurs here
- Isthmus
- Intrmural
what is the function of the uterine tube?
- provides bidirectional transport mechanisms for:
- ovum (via ciliary action and peristalsis) towards the uterus
- sperm movement away from the uterus, without the help from the uterine tube, the sperm would not make it to the egg
wall structure of the uterine tube
-from outer to inner
- serosa (mesothelium, visceral peritoneum)
- muscularis: inner circular outerlong
- mucosa: longitudinal folds (resembling fern leaves)
- epithelium: simple columnar, with ciliated and non-ciliated (peg) cells
describe the cyclic changes of the cells in the uterine tube
- estrogen increases ciliogenesis
- progesterone increases secretory cells
what do the secretion of the uterine tube epithelium stimulate
-capacitation of the sperm cells (this is essential for the acrosome reaction)
layers of the uterus
- perimetrium: mesothelium and underlying elastic tissue
- myometrium: thich smooth muscle layers, cells oriented longitubinally
- between inner an outer muscle layers is stratum vasculare
what is between the inner and outer layers of the uterine myometrium
-stratum basale which contains blood vessels and lymphatics
endometrium layers, just names
- stratum functionale
- stratum basale
stratume functionale
-what are the names of the stages
- lost during menstration
- contains tubular uterine glands
- conatins spiral arteries, capillaries and lacunae
- has proliferative, secretroy and menstrual stages
stratum basale
-both glands and arteries retained during menstruation
proliferative stage of the stratum functionale
- estrogenic
- under control of estrogen from the follicle
- stromal, endothelial and epithelial proliferation
- epithelial migration covers denuded surface (following menstruation) and down growth (glands)
- spiral arteries lengthen
- collagen and ground substances
- straight glands, no secretion
secretory stage of the stratum functionale
- under control of progesterone from the corpus luteum
- post ovulation (considering the corpus luteum does not exist during ovulation)
- glands enlarge (sacculated , corkscrew shape)
- glands fill with secretory products (glycogen)
- spiral arteries lengthen
- stromal fluid increases (edema)
- process continues for about 10 days if no pregnancy occurs
menstrual stage of the stratum functionale
- loss of corpus luteum hormones causes periodic spiral artery contractions (lasting hours)
- stratum functionale becomes ischemic
- dead tissue, blood lost during menstruation
- blood flow to straight arteries in stratum basale is maintained; surviving glanduar cells will serve to re-populate
uterine cervix -glands and epithelium -vessels -changes during cycle
- large branched glands (simple columnar epithelium)
- lack of spiral arteries
- few morphologica changes occur during menstrual cycle
- glands change during the cycle `
uterine cervix glandular changes during menstruation
- near ovulation mucous production increases 10x
- however mucous at this time is less viscous that at other times of the cycle
what is special about the external os
- this is where the squamocolumnar junction is
- this is where the epithelium goes from SSNKE to simple columnar
transformation zone
- located at the external os in women of reproductive age
- located within cervical canal before puberty and after menopause
- metaplasia in this zone constitutes pre-cancerous lesions, this is why we do papsmears, if you catch it early enough you have a very good shot
- SSNKE to simple columnar
vaginal wall epithelium
SSNKE
- keratohyaline granules sometime present
- cyclical changes: estrogen increases glycogen production
mucosa of the maginal wall
- blood vessels
- CT papillae project into epithelium
lubrication of the vaginal wall
- no glands
- lubrication comes from: cervical glands, vestibular glands, and plasma transudate
muscle of vaginal wall
- smooth muscle mostly
- skeletal near vaginal opening
mammary gland
- compound alveolar gland with ducts and lactiferous sinus
- lobes (15-25) seperated by suspensory ligaments (coopers)
- terminal duct lobar units
- merocrine (protein and apocrine (lipid) secretions
- prolactin stimulates milk production
- oxytocin stimulates milk ejection
inactive mammary gland has mostly
- ducts, no scretory alveoli
- duct cells and myoepithelial cells present with prominent basal lamina
what happens during pregnancy to mammary glands
-increased proliferation of ducts and secretory alveoli
what happens in a lactating mammary gland
-many secretory alveoli and ducts, little stroma
hormonal process during pregnancy
- FSH stimulates follicle development and also aromatase expression
- LH stimulates androgen production by theca interna; aromatase converts this to estrogen
- estrogen stimulates endometrial proliferation. the rise in estrogen inhibits FSH and stimulates GnRH neurons, leading to the LH surge
- elevated LH leads to lutenization of the follicale; theca and granulosa cells make progesterone and esterogen
- rising progesterone and estrogen stimulate endometrial secretion
- collapse of the corpus luteum results in a drop in progesterone and endometrial isschemia
