Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 4 > Female Infertility > Flashcards

Female Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

2 groups of female infertility?

A

anovulatory

tubal factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is anovulatory infertility?

A

where no ovulation takes place
can be normal physiological (before puberty, after menopause, while breastfeeding)
can be pathological (gynae condition, systemic disorder, problem in hypothalamus/pituitary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypothalamic causes of anovulatory infertility?

A

anorexia, bulimia and excessive exercise

due to reduction in FSH, LH and oestradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pituitary causes of anovulatory infertility?

A

hyperprolactinaemia
high levels of prolactin prevent ovulation in the same way which it does during pregnancy and breastfeeding
symptoms include galactorrhoea, aligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

other pituitary causes of anovulatory infertility??

A 
sheehans syndrome (post partum hypopituitarism)
pituitary adenomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ovarian causes of anovulatory infertility??

A

PCOS

premature ovarian failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

PCOS diagnosis?

A

2 or more of following features present

  • anovulation
  • polycystic ovaries
  • hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

symptoms of PCOS?

A 
oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea
hirsutism (due to high androgens)
weight gain
acne
hair loss
infertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does PCOS cause anovulatory infertility?

A

dont release an ovum due to overproduction of oestrogen by ovaries
in long term, increased testosterone levels can impair ovum quality and mean that any ovum released is poor quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

endocrine features of PCOS?

A

high LH
high free androgens
impaired glucose tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is premature ovarian failure?

A

ovaries stop producing oestrogen and healthy ova before age of 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

symptoms of premature ovarian failure?

A

basically menopause symptoms (hot flushes, night sweats, atrophic vaginitis, amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can cause premature ovarian failure?

A

unknown
can be genetic (turners, fragile X)
exposure to chemo/radiotherapy
can be autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endocrine features of premature ovarian failure?

A

high FSH and LH

low oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is tubal factor infertility?

A

blockage in one or both fallopian tubes

can be infective or non-infective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

infective causes of tubal factor infertility?

A

PID
trans-peritoneal spread of other infection such as appendicitis
iatrogenic infection eg from IUD insertion

17
Q

what is PID?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease
infection in upper female genital tract
can result in endometritis, salpingitis, oophoritis, parametrises, peritonitis and tubo-ovarian abscesses

18
Q

what usually causes PID?

A

bacterial infection spreading from vagina or cervix into fallopian tubes

19
Q

symptoms of PID?

A 
abdo/pelvic pain
dyspareunia 
dysmenorrhoea 
inter-menstrual bleeding
unusual vaginal discharge 
severe cases can have severe abdo pain, fever, nausea and vomiting
20
Q

how is PID managed?

A

metronidazole + oflaxacin

21
Q

what complications can occur with PID?

A

scarring and narrowing of fallopian tubes (can cause infertility and increases risk of ectopics)

22
Q

how can blocked/scarred fallopian tubes due to PID be managed?

A

laparoscopic removal of scarring and adhesions after acute inflammation has resolved

23
Q

non-infective causes of tubal factor infertility?

A

endometriosis
salpingitis isthmica nodosa
uterine polyps
uterine fibroids

24
Q

what is endometriosis?

A

endometrial tissue growing outside of uterus
can involve the ovaries, fallopian tubes and tissue lining pelvis
can sometimes spread beyond pelvis

25
Q

what happens with the endometrial tissue in endometriosis?

A

the tissue builds up over menstrual cycles (as it does inside the uterus) then breaks down and “bleeds”
this can cause cysts known as “endometriomas” in the ovaries

26
Q

other possible complications in emdometriosis?

A

organs affected can be irritated and over time form scar tissue and adhesions between other pelvic organs
can cause blockage or scarring of fallopian tubes which can result in fertility issues

27
Q

how does endometriosis present?

A 
severe abdo pain thats worse during menstruation
dyspareunia 
menorrhagia
intermenstrual bleeding
subfertility
28
Q

how can endometriosis be managed?

A

hormonal therapy can be good (COCP etc) but cant be used if trying to conceive
conservative surgery can be used if trying to conceive and symptoms are very severe which would remove the tissue, cysts and adhesions without damaging repro organs

29
Q

what can be used to diagnose endometriosis and assist with removal of endometrial tissue?

A

laparoscopy

30
Q

what is salpingitis isthmica nodosa?

A

nodular scarring of fallopian tube as a result of inflammation
has been referred to as diverticulosis of fallopian tube bc irregular benign extensions of tubal epithelium develop
results in narrowing of fallopian tube and increases risk of infertility and ectopics

31
Q

what are uterine polyps?

A

where endometrial lining inside uterus overgrows and as a result a polyp forms

32
Q

how can uterine polyps present?

A

abnormal uterine bleeding

infertility/subfertility

33
Q

how can polyps be managed?

A

can be removed surgically via hysteroscopy if causing symptoms or diagnosed during infertility investigation

34
Q

what are uterine fibroids?

A

benign tumours of myometrium within uterus
3 main types
- subserosal
- intramural
- submucosal
v common and dont always result in infertility

35
Q

how can fibroids cause infertility?

A

can block opening of fallopian tubes
can change shape of uterus, blood flow to uterine cavity and shape of uterine lining resulting in difficult implantation of foetus

36
Q

how can fibroids be managed if needed?

A

laparoscopic myomectomy

Year 4 (83 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions