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12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease > Feline Diabetes > Flashcards

Feline Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

How does feline diabetes differ from canine diabetes

A

cats can have lesions on islet cells, amyloid deposits, and changes in their beta cells

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2
Q

are cats more likely to have type 1 or type 2 diabetes

A

type 2 diabetes

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3
Q

List the clinical signs of DM in cats

A

PUPD
weight loss
polyphagia
anorexia
lethargy
DKA
V/D
plantigrade stance
+/- pancreatitis/triaditis

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4
Q

Describe treatment of DM in cats

A

diet changes
insulin supplementation
oral hypoglycaemics

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5
Q

why is DM remission in cats an unpredictable state

A

they can flit inbetween hypo and hyper glycaemia, leading to massive instability

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6
Q

why is DKA common in cats

A

DKA can occur from stress in cats, with or without diabetes

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7
Q

How can we tell if a cat has diabetes or if it was just stressed at the time of the sample

A

Using fructosamine

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8
Q

signalment of cats with diabetes

A

cats over 7 years old
mainly males

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9
Q

List 4 things that can increase the risk of diabetes in cats

A

obesity
indoor/inactive cats
glucocorticoids
progestagens

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10
Q

What is a plantigrade stance

A

standing and walking with the hocks on or almost touching the floor

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11
Q

Describe how type 1 diabetes occurs

A

a deficiency of insulin due to loss of beta cells

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12
Q

List 6 conditions that can cause type 1 DM in cats

A

chronic pancreatitis +/- EPI
pancreatic amyloidosis
glucose toxicity
immune mediated disease
congenital issues

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13
Q

what can cause type 2 diabetes in cats

A

an inability to respond to insulin

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14
Q

Describe how type 1 diabetes can develop into type 2 diabetes

A

inflammatory mediators may contribute to insulin resistance

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15
Q

what are the consequences of persistant hyperglycaemia in cats

A

fat mobilisation is favoured leading to hepatic lipidosis, hepatomegaly, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertryglyceridaemia, increased catabolism

can lead to ketonaemia, ketonuria and a DKA

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16
Q

what is triaditis

A

liver disease
pancreatitis
IBD

17
Q

Describe how we diagnose diabetes in cats

A

USG
glucosuria
fructosamine

18
Q

List 6 possible diffferentials for glucosuria in cats

A

Common:
- DM
- Stress

Rare:
- Renal tubular disease
- Fanconi syndrome
- Primary renal glucosuria
- Nephrotoxin exposure

19
Q

what can we do to encourage weight loss in cats

A

wet food to reduce calorie intake
encourage movement
puzzle feeding

20
Q

Describe the ideal diet for a diabetic cat

A

high protein
restricted carbs
wet formulation

21
Q

why is high protein good for diabetic cats

A

normalises fat metabolism and provides a consistent energy source
limits hepatic lipidosis risk
prevents loss of lean muscle mass

22
Q

why is restricted carbohydrate diet good for diabetic cats

A

helps relieve tendency to hyperglycaemia and glucose toxicity

23
Q

when starting insulin dosing, how often should we check blood glucose

A

every 2-4 hours

24
Q

how soon should we review insulin doses

A

5-14 days after treatment begins

25
Q

List 2 indicators of diabetic remission

A

hypoglycaemia despite low dose insulin
no glucosuria

26
Q

why are oral hypoglycaemics rarely used in cats

A

they can contribute to the progression of DM and pancreatic amyloidosis

27
Q

What is the prognosis for a cat with DM

A

13-29 months on insulin therapy

28
Q

what can persistant absence of glucose in the urine of a diabetic cat indicate

A

hypoglycaemia - insulin overdose or diabetic remission

29
Q

what can ketonuria indicate in cat

A

DKA

30
Q

what can blood or change in pH of urine indicate in cat

A

UTI

31
Q

List 4 likely causes of unstable diabetes in cats

A

compliance issues
UTI
pancreatitis
significant dental disease

32
Q

why is hypoglycaemia diagnosed less in cats than dogs

A

cats mask the signs of hypoglycaemia better compared to dogs

33
Q

List the clinical signs of hypoglycaemia

A

lethargy
muscle tremors
anorexia
vomiting
ataxia
recumbency
vocalisation
seizure

34
Q

Describe the immediate treatment for hypoglycaemia

A

rub glucose or honey on the oral mucous membranes, feed ASAP

dextrose bolus + CRI in clinic

12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease (20 decks)

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