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12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease > Approach to haematuria and dysuria > Flashcards

Approach to haematuria and dysuria Flashcards

1
Q

Define Haematuria

A

blood in urine

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2
Q

define Haemoglobinuria

A

haemoglobin in urine

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3
Q

define Myoglobinuria

A

myoglobin (in muscles) in urine
brown

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4
Q

define Bilirubinuria

A

bilirubin in urine - jaundiced animals
orange

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5
Q

define Dysuria

A

difficulty/ painful urinating

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6
Q

define Stranguria

A

straining to urinate

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7
Q

define Pollakiuria

A

increase in frequency of urination - generally small volumes

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8
Q

define Oliguria

A

reduced volume of urine

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9
Q

define Anuria

A

no urine at all

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10
Q

define Incontinence

A

lack of control of urination

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11
Q

Why are female animals typically more prone to urinary tract infections than their male counterparts?

A

Due to the proximity of the non-sterile reproductive tract

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12
Q

describe gross examination of urine

A

colour
smell
turbidity

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13
Q

how to test for RBCs in urine

A

Dipstick- blood/ Hb positive- dots supportive of blood- poorly specific
sediment exam- RBCs will precipitate

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14
Q

what does homogenous change on dipstick blood/ Hb positive supportive of

A

haemoglobin/ myoglobin present

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15
Q

describe the difference between RBC and haemoglobin on sediment exam

A

RBCs will precipitate, cytology confirms RBCs present.
Haemoglobin/myoglobin will not precipitate, cytology does not demonstrate RBCs

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16
Q

plasma likely to be red/pink with ……..

A

haemoglobinaemia

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17
Q

plasma likely to be clear with ……..

A

myoglobinaemia

18
Q

list the 4 clinical findings of haematuria

A

RBCs on sediment exam
Clear (ish) plasma and centrifuged urine
Presence of regenerative anaemia may be supportive of haemorrhage- not always present

19
Q

if you diagnose haemoglobinaemia what do you do

A

suggests haemolysis —> look into pre-hepatic jaundice and haemolytic disease

20
Q

when do you generally see Myoglobinaemia

A

severe muscle damage

21
Q

if you diagnose myoglobinaemia what do you look at further

A

AST/CK, history exam
physical causes- trauma/ burns/ strenuous exercise
non-physical causes- hypoxic/ischaemic/metabolic disturbances/infectious

22
Q

Describe how to confirm trauma as cause of haematuria

A

history
exam- possible other signs e.g. fractured pelvis

23
Q

Describe how to confirm urolithiasis as cause of haematuria

A

urine sediment exam
ultrasound
radiography (contrast)

24
Q

Describe how to confirm UTI as cause of haematuria

A

Urine sediment exam
ultrasound
radiography (contrast)

25
Q

Describe how to confirm inflammation as cause of haematuria

A

History- e.g. frequent urination
urinalysis
imaging to rule out other causes

26
Q

Describe how to confirm neoplasia as cause of haematuria

A

CBC – chronic anaemia
Ultrasound and radiography
endoscopy and biopsy

27
Q

Describe how to confirm coagulopathy as cause of haematuria

A

CBC
platelet count
PT, aPTT, TEG

28
Q

Describe how to confirm idiopathic renal haematuria as cause of haematuria

A

rule out all other causes first
CBC for anaemia
Ureteroscopy

29
Q

what dogs typically affected by Idiopathic Renal Haematuria

A

Typically large breed, young dogs
Uncommon

30
Q

describe how to treat Idiopathic Renal Haematuria

A

ACEi (for proteinuria) and Angiotensin receptor blockers
Potentially interventional radiography – sclerotherapy

31
Q

what can Idiopathic Renal Haematuria lead to

A

Anaemia
Renal pain
Ureteral pain and/or ureteral obstruction
UTI’s

32
Q

what is idiopathic renal Haematuria

A

It is characterized by recurrent bleeding from the kidneys of unidentified cause

33
Q

what do we see with dysuria

A

very variable because alot of causes - owner pic and videos helpful
stranguria or pollakiuria

34
Q

what is dysuria typically related to

A

is due to lower urinary tract disease- bladder below

35
Q

where is discoloured urine generally from

A

can be from anywhere on the urinary (or repro) tract

36
Q

what is urge incontinence

A

involuntary bladder contractions voiding small amounts of urine regularly
functional problem

37
Q

why is a blocked bladder an emergency

A

Bladder can rupture- this can cause uroabdomen - check via POCUS
Electrolytes and biochem- azotemia and hyperkalaemia - causes bradycardia and heart block
Urinary catheter placement to relieve an obstruction and allow drainage

38
Q

what are the 2 main causes of a blocked bladder

A

obstructive disease
Neurological issue

39
Q

how many layers make up bladder lining

A

3/4 layers
mucosa/submucosa together (hyperechoic)
muscle (hypoechoic)
serosa (hyperechoic)

40
Q

Define hydronephrosis

A

the dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys- dilated pelvis

12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease (20 decks)

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