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12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease > Endocrine disease in small mammals and exotic species > Flashcards

Endocrine disease in small mammals and exotic species Flashcards

1
Q

What is needed to allow the absorption of calcium from the intestines

A

Vitamin D
birds and reptiles this is in the form UV-B

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2
Q

List 3 things that are needed for calcium metabolism in a bearded dragon

A

UV-B light
Heat
Correct diet and supplements

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3
Q

When are dietary calcium supplements needed in reptiles

A

herbivorous reptiles
insectivorous reptiles
only carnivorous reptiles if fed all-meat diet or neonatal prey

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4
Q

what should the calcium phosphorous ratio be in birds and reptiles

A

between 1:1 and 2:1
Calcium should be equal or double the phosphorus levels

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5
Q

when are dietary calcium supplemental needed in birds

A

Insectivorous bird
parrots- if on seed-based diet
Carnivorous birds- All-meat diet, or over enthusiastic eviscerating

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6
Q

How can rabbits absorb calcium from the gut

A

Via both passive and and active absorption methods - with or without vitamin D

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7
Q

describe active absorption of calcium in rabbits

A

Vit D2 —> D3 in kidney by PTH if have low serum calcium, this stimulates intestinal absorption.

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8
Q

describe passive absorption of calcium in rabbits

A

absorbed across gut wall, vitamin D not required (unlike other mammals). No feedback mechanism.

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9
Q

what is the problem with too high calcium in rabbit diet

A

If high in diet = high serum calcium.
In rabbits calcium excretion is mostly via kidney
have a good tolerance of high levels of dietary Ca but does have a limit

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10
Q

Describe calcium absorption in guinea pigs

A

same as rabbits- don’t regulate calcium absorption from the gut
If fed excess calcium, the excess absorbed calcium is excreted through the urinary tract.

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11
Q

List 6 clinical signs of pancreatic adenomas in ferrets

A

hindlimb weakness
nausea
gazed expression
ataxia
collapse
coma

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12
Q

List 6 clinical signs of hypercalcaemia in guinea pigs/ rabbits

A

dysuria
pollakiuria
haematuria
thick, beige-brown urine
urine staining
abdominal pain

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13
Q

List 8 things seen with metabolic bone disease

A

Anorexia
lethargy
abnormal gait
bone deformities and swellings
pathological fractures
constipation- egg binding, cloacal prolapse
dysecdysis
muscle tremors

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14
Q

T/F only reptiles get metabolic bone disease

A

False
birds can get it to

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15
Q

Why do reptiles and birds need UV light

A

they can’t use vitamin D2 which you get from the diet, so they need UV-B and heat to convert vitamin D2 to vitamin D3

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16
Q

Are all birds reliant on UV-B to absorb calcium

A

No

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17
Q

Why should parrots not be given seed based diets

A

They are deficient in calcium and vitamin D

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18
Q

List 4 non-specific clinical signs of endocrine diseases

A

PUPD
anorexia
lethargy/weakness
weight loss

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19
Q

what animal are pancreatic adenomas common in

A

ferrets

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20
Q

what is dysecdysis

A

difficult or abnormal shedding

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21
Q

List 3 clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in birds

A

dyspnoea
regurgitation
dysphagia (due to thyroid goitres)

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22
Q

List 5 clinical signs of MBD in birds

A

weakness
ataxia
bone deformities or fractures
tetany
seizures

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23
Q

List the 3 most common endocrine diseases seen in ferrets

A

Hyperadrenocorticism*
Insulinoma
Persistent Oestrus*

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24
Q

List the 3 most common endocrine diseases seen in guinea pigs

A

cystic ovaries
Urolithiasis (hypercalcaemia)
hyperadrenocoriticsm

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25
Q

Should we be worried about alopecia during pregnancy/lactation in guinea pigs

A

No

26
Q

Describe how to treat diabetes in guinea pigs

A

diet changes

27
Q

what is an insulinoma

A

a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin

28
Q

Describe how to diagnose insulinoma in ferrets

A

test glucose before and after feeding

29
Q

List 6 common causes of hypercalcaemia in rabbits

A

increased dietary intake
renal disease
primary hyperparathyroidism
hypervitaminosis D
osteomyelitis
paraneoplastic syndrome

30
Q

What type of hay is high in calcium

A

alfalfa hay

31
Q

other than hypercalcaemia, list 3 things that can cause bladder sludge or urolithiasis in small mammals

A

dehydration
reduced movement
improper voiding of the bladder

32
Q

Other than urinary issues list 2 other consequences of persistently raised calcium in rabbits

A

dystrophic calcification (particularly in aorta and kidneys)
hypermineralisation of the skeleton

33
Q

Is hypocalcaemia common in rabbits

A

No

34
Q

List 4 common endocrine disorders in reptiles

A

hypocalcaemia (MBD)
hypercalcaemia
hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism

35
Q

What are the 2 types of hypocalcaemia in reptiles

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

36
Q

Describe how Nutritional Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in reptiles

A

calcium in diet too low
PTH increases
calcium mobilised from bone

37
Q

Describe how Renal Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs

A

phosphorus increases in the blood due to lack of excretion
PTH increases to fix the Ca:P ratio
calcium mobilised from the bone

38
Q

List 5 common causes of kidney disease in reptiles

A

Over-supplementation of vitamin D3
Malnutrition e.g. hypovitaminosis A
High protein diet
Kidney infections
Chronic dehydration

39
Q

List 5 common causes of low calcium in reptiles

A

low calcium in the diet
incorrect Ca:P in the diet
lack of UVB
poor environmental temps
lack of Vit D

40
Q

List possible causes of hypercalcaemia in birds and reptiles

A

physiological increase in reproducing females

can also be seen from hypervitaminosis D or excessive calcium intake

occasionally can be from primary hyperparathyroidism and osteolytic bone lesions in reptiles

41
Q

List 2 consequences of hypercalcaemia in birds and reptiles

A

soft tissue mineralisation
nephrocalcinosis

42
Q

what can kidney disease lead to in reptiles and birds

A

gout- uric acid build up

43
Q

what reptile species most commonly gets uroliths

A

tortoises

44
Q

List 4 common endocrine disorders in birds

A

medullary hyperostosis
hypocalcaemia
hypercalcaemia
thyroid hyperplasia

45
Q

what causes thyroid hyperplasia in birds

A

dietary iodine deficiency

46
Q

Describe medullary hyperostosis

A

calcium storage in medullary bone changes pneumatic appearance to solid and dense material

this is a normal finding in female birds on radiographs during reproductive activity

47
Q

How soon before egg laying does medullary hyperostosis occur

A

6 weeks prior

48
Q

why is total calcium no reflective of true calcium status

A

because it can be affected by a wide range of things
measures ionised, protein-bound and complexed to anions

49
Q

why is urinalysis not that useful in birds and reptiles

A

because you can not get an uncomtaminated sample

50
Q

what can we test for on small mammal urine

A

USG and dipstick

51
Q

can we do cystocentesis in small mammals

A

yes but it has a very high risk for peritonitis in hind gut fermenters

52
Q

Describe how to diagnose insulinomas in ferrets

A

blood glucose samples

if under 3.4mmol/L after a 4 hour fast - insulinoma

53
Q

Describe how do diagnose MBD in birds and reptiles

A

total + ionized calcium
whole body radiographs
history

54
Q

Describe how can we diagnose urolithiasis or bladder sludge

A

X-rays

55
Q

Describe how can we diagnose hypercalcaemia in rabbits

A

ultrasound of kidneys
X-rays of the spine

56
Q

Describe how can we treat insulinomas

A

prednisolone +/- drugs to inhibit insulin secretion (diazoxide or a somatostatin analogue)
surgical partial pancreatectomy
diet changes - high protein and fat, low carb diet

57
Q

Describe how can we treat MBD

A

Ca,cage rest, analgesia
splint unstable fractures
euthanasia
Husbandry changes= correct temp, UVB
Diet changes= correct diet for species, Ca/Vit D supplements

58
Q

Describe how to treat bladder sludge in rabbits

A

treat underlying cause
Fluid therapy
treat any secondary infections

husbandy changes - change diet, weight loss, increase water intake, encourage exercise, reduce stress

59
Q

Describe how to treat uroliths in rabbits

A

cystotomy

husbandy changes - change diet, weight loss, increase water intake, encourage exercise, reduce stress

60
Q

Describe how can we prevent endocrine disorders in exotics

A

correct husbandry and diet
appropriate medical and surgical intervention

12- SA- Urinary and endocrine disease (20 decks)

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