Feb 2, wk 2-B Flashcards
Explain nucleotides that are used for DNA synthesis including structure and how they are incorporated into strands
Purines: (PUre As Gold) 2-ring structure, Arginine, Guanine Pyrimidines: (CUT the PYe) 1 ring structure, Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine G-C bonds have 3 H-bonds making them stronger than A-T bonds Nucleoside= Base + Sugar Nucleotide= Base + Sugar + Phosphate
In order to form a bond, must have an OH (Hydroxyl) group at the 3’ carbon.
When would you see an elevated alpha-fetoprotein?
Hepatocellular carcinomas
Hepatoblastoma
Mixed germ-cell tumors
Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testis
What lab values and tumor markers are present in cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma?
Elevated amylase and lipase and alk phos
Markers specific for this cancer are CA 19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
What cancers have an elevated CEA?
Pancreatic cancer
Colorectal cancer
gastric, breast, medullary thyroid cancers
In what tumors would you see an elevated Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin?
Gynecologic tumors like:
gestational trophoblastic tumors
choriocarcinomas
hydatidiform moles
testicular cancer
mixed germ-cell tumors
When would you see levels of AST/ALT of one greater than another?
AST greater than ALT in alcoholics
ALT greater than AST in viral hepatitis
When might you see an elevated amylase level besides in pancreatitis?
Mumps or any other condition involving the salivary glands
What are other sources of Alkaline Phosphatase besides the biliary tract?
ALP can also be elevated in growing kids because it is associated with bone growth
Can also be elevated in bone metastasies
Also comes from the placenta and can be elevated in pregnant women
What is the tumor marker for ovarian cancer?
CA 125
What are the tumor markers for breast cancer?
CA 15-3, CA 27-29
What two diseases present with a cherry red spot on the macula?
Tay-Sachs disease
Niemann-Pick
These two can be differentiated by the presence of HSM in Niemann-Pick
