21 March wk4-A

Question 1

What is the mesolimbic-mesocortical pathway, its involvement with schizophrenia, and how neuroleptic drugs act in this region

Answer 1

This pathway is involved in the regulating of behavior. It is hyperactive in schizophrenia. Neuroleptic drugs act by decreasing the dopamine in this area.

Question 2

What are the 4 Dopamine pathways in the brain and general function?

Answer 2

Mesocortical: ventral tegmentum to cortex (mostly frontal), involves cognitive control, motivation, emotional response; may be abnormal in schizophrenia causing the negative Sx

Mesolimbic: “reward pathway,” ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens, most significant pathway in addiction

Nigrostriatal: substantia nigra to the dorsal striatum, involved in control of motion, Parkinson’s disease

Tuberoinfundibular: pathway from the hypothalamus to the pituitary, dopamine regulates release of prolactin

Question 3

How are antipsychotic drugs related to galactorrhea?

Answer 3

Some antipsychotic drugs block dopamine. If dopamine is blocked in the tubuloinfundibular pathway this can cause an increase in prolactin release causing milk release in men and women, amenorrhea, and sexual dysfunction

Question 4

Another name for Mullerian ducts and Wolffian ducts

Answer 4

Paramesonephric ducts = Mullerian

Mesonephric ducts = Wolffian

Question 5

What part of the female reproductive system develops from the Mullerian ducts?

Answer 5

Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of the vagina
Dysfunction in this process can lead to different shapes to the uterus as well as a short vagina, can also have renal issues related

Question 6

What parts of the male reproductive system develop from the Wolffian ducts?

Answer 6

Under the effect of testosterone, the Wolffian ducts develop into the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

Question 7

What characteristics would you see in a female with Mullerian aplasia?

Answer 7

Short vagina, small or misshapen uterus, amenorrhea, fully developed sex-characteristics because fully functioning ovaries

Question 8

Explain the disease process associated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 8

21-hydroxylase is a P450 enzyme needed in the production of Aldosterone and Cortisol in the adrenal steroid production pathways.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a condition where this enzyme is lacking and therefore the patient lacks aldosterone–causing salt-wasting. Metabolites are shuttled toward the production of androgens and therefore can lead to virilization in neonates and oligomenorrhea, acne, hirsutism in adults

Question 9

Kallman Syndrome

Answer 9

Hypogonadotropin gonadism
GnRH is decreased leading to a decrease in all the hormones dependent on it like FSH, LH, Testosterone, Estrogen, etc.
Associated with anosmia from a defect in the olfactory bulb development
Causes infertility in both sexes, though females are rarely affected