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Nutritional Biochemisty > Fat soluble nutrients & some minerals > Flashcards

Fat soluble nutrients & some minerals Flashcards

0
Q

What are the primary sources of Vitamin A?

A

mostly found in animal products such as;

  • Liver
  • Cheese
  • Butter
  • Fish
  • Milk
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1
Q

What is the other name for Vitamin A

A

Retinol

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2
Q

What are Carotenoids?

A

they are a precursor to Retinol, and are synthesised by a wide variety of plants

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3
Q

What are all the Carotenoids?

A

B-carotene
Lutein
Canthaxanthin
Lycopene

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4
Q

What type of Carotenoid is found in Carrots, rockmelon, peas, spinach?

A

B-carotene, it has the greatest Vit A activity being 50%

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5
Q

What type of Vitamin A is found in Broccoli, Beetroot, and Kiwi fruit?

A

Lutein

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6
Q

What types of foods are Canthaxanthin found in and what vitamin is it a pre-cursor for?

A

it is found in red/orange plants, fish (trout, salmon), and seafood crustaceans. It is from Vitamin A, Retinol

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7
Q

What pre-cursors are added to food as colour additives?

A

B-carotene and canthaxanthins

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8
Q

What are the different form of Vitamin A?

A
  • Retinol (the alcohol)
  • Retinoic acid (oxidised active form)
  • Retinal (active form)
  • Retinyl ester (storage form in fatty tissue or liver)
  • Provitamin A Carotenoids
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9
Q

Explain the changes in forms from one form of Vitamin A to another?

A

Retinal is oxidised to Retinoic Acid
Retinal is reduced to Retinol
Retinyl Esters are hydrolysed into Retinol

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10
Q

How is 2 Retinal formed?

A

betacarotene + 02

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11
Q

What does LRAT stand for?

A

Lecithin Retinol Acyl-Transferase

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12
Q

What does CRBP stand for?

A

Cellular Retinoid Binding Protein Vitamins

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13
Q

Where does the Albumin Retinoic Acid Complex travel to?

A

the liver

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14
Q

Where does the Chylomicron travel?

A

to the Lymph System

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15
Q

What extra cellular tissues do Chylomicrons deliver retinyl eters and carotenoids to?

A

bone marrow, blood cells, spleen adipose tissue, muscle, lungs and kidneys.

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16
Q

What happens to the retinyl esters and carotenoids that are not taken up by tissue?

A

they are delivered to the liver by chylomicron remnants

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17
Q

What is the Retinol mobilisation from the liver to other target cells dependent on?

A

the synthesis and secretion of rentinol-binding protein (RBP) by the parenchymal cells

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18
Q

What does Synthesis of RBP in the liver require?

A

zinc and protein

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19
Q

How does the absorption of Vitamin A take place over the brush boarder?

A

Active transport via Micelle

20
Q

Which two proteins are required for Vitamin A metabolism in the cell?

A

Chylomicrons and Chylomicron remnants

21
Q

Inside the Enterocyte which Vitamin B is needed to form Retinol from B-Carotene?

A

NAD, Niacin, B3

22
Q

Name two substances that may enhance vitamin A absoption?

A

Vitamin E and lipoproteins (fats)

23
Q

Name two substances that may impair the absorption of Vitamin A?

A

Fibre and too much Vitamin E

24
Q

Where are excess Vitamin a stored?

A

fat cells

25
Q

B-Carotenoid & lycopene are transported via

A

mostly - lipoproteins

then - LDL’s

26
Q

Lutein & Zeaxanthin are transported via

A

mostly HDL’s

then LDL’s

27
Q

What does CRABP’s stand for and what are their functions?

A

Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, they produce small amounts of free retinoic acid within all cells

28
Q

What are the two forms of Vitamin D?

A

D2 - Ergocalciferol

D3 - Cholecalciferol

29
Q

What are the sources of Vit D?

A

main source from the skin via the sun, other animal sources such as liver, Beef, Veal, Dairy, Eggs, Butter and Fish.

30
Q

How is Vit D synthesized by the the skin?

A

Cholesterol forms 7-dehydrocholestrol (steroid), then with UV light exposure Previtamin D3 (precalciferol) is formed, which then forms Vit D3 (Cholecaliferol), which is then reabsorbed back into the blood stream via plasma transporters a2-globulins, then to D-binding protein (DBP)

31
Q

Via what other mechanism can Vit D be transported to tissues?

A

D-binding protein (DBP)
Chylomicrons R
B3 dependant transport from the liver to the blood

32
Q

How does phosphorous intake impair calcitriol production?

A
  • low phosphorus levels increase Vit D production

- high phosphorus levels decrease Vit D production & increase calcium excretion in the urine

33
Q

What are the two main different form of vit E?

A

Tocopherols & Tocotriendols

34
Q

Vit E that is not used in periperal cells is stored where?

A

in the liver

35
Q

Once over the Basolateral boarder how is Vit E transported to the liver?

A

Chylomicron remnants

36
Q

How is Vit E mainly transported after leaving the liver?

A

via HDL and VLDL’s

37
Q

What is Vit E’s main function in these particles?

A

as a protein binder in the cell membrane

38
Q

Where does Vit E exist in cells?

A

the cell membrane

39
Q

Name 2 types of vitamin K, one exogenous and one endogenous type and from where are they found or produced?

A

Phylloquinone (K1) is an endogenous type, and it is found in plant products such as broccoli.
Menadione (K3) is an exogenous type and it is found in synthetic supplements produced in a lab

40
Q

What is a known antagonist of vitamin K?

A

Warfarin

41
Q

How is vitamin K transported over the

basolateral boarder?

A

active transport via chyclomicrons

42
Q

For what reason is the calcium present in foods and supplements relatively insoluble?

A

because it needs to be attached to a sugar or acid for absorption, such a the HCL in the stomach

43
Q

Via which binding sites does calcium get up taken over the

brush boarder?

A

Calbindin or calcium Transporter 1

44
Q

Name three substances which may bind calcium to be

excreted in feaces?

A

fibre, phytate, fatty acids or oxalate

45
Q

List two factors which may increase the absorption of

calcium?

A
  • low dietary intake
  • pregnancy, lactation
  • Oestrogen deficiency due to decreased calcitrol production
46
Q

List four factors which may inhibit calcium absorption?

A
  • Caffeine
  • Fibre & phytates
  • high sodium intake
  • mag, zinc complete with ca for aborption
  • Oxalates in intestines
  • Parathyroid insufficiency
  • unabsorbed fatty acids
  • proton pump inhibitors
47
Q

What is the active form of Calcium?

A

Calcitriol which is converted by the kidneys

Nutritional Biochemisty (9 decks)

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