Energy systems 1 Flashcards
What does Glycogenolysis refer to?
the breakdown of glycogen
What does Glycogenesis refer to?
the making of glycogen
What does Glycolosis refer to?
Oxidation of glucose
What does the Kreb cycle do?
it is the oxidation of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA
What is Gluoneogenesis?
It is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
What are the catabolic pathways and their function?
Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen
Proteolysis- breakdown of glycogen
Lipolysis- breakdown of fatty acid
Glycolysis- breakdown of glucose
Name the Anabolic pathways of energy metabolism and their functions?
Glycogenesis- the creation of glycogen
Protein synthesis
Lipogenesis- fatty acid synthesis
Gluconeogenesis- Glucose synthesis
What is the first step of glycogenesis?
Glucose is first phosphorylated producing a phosphate ester at no.6 carbon of glucose
In what type of cells is the enzyme hexokinase?
muscle cells
In what organ is the enzyme primarily glycokinase?
Liver
What can glucokinase also be produced by?
Insulin
What does low glycokinase activity lead to?
the livers inability to rapidly take up and metabolise glucose
Where is the major site of Glycogen synthesis and storage?
the liver
Where is the major site of glycogen storage?
Liver, but also stored in the skeletal muscle
During the synthesis of Glycogen, why is its branching structure important?
it increases he glycogens solubility and compactness
What enzyme is a primary target for insulin in glycogen synthesis?
Glycogen synthase
Which amino acid regualtes glycogen synthase’s activity?
Glycogenin = primer
which hormones regulate glycogenolysis?
Glucagon & Adrenalin/Epinephrine
In the last step of glycogenolysis, which enzyme acts on glucose 6 phosphate to produce glucose?
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Where is the only place that this enzyme functions?
in the liver and kidney
In glycolysis, what 2 products is glucose oxidized into?
Lactate or pyruvate
What does the choice of which product is made depend on?
Whether there is oxygen present or not
What is the name of the cycle which occurs under aerobic conditions?
Krebs cycle
What is the name of the process by which the NADH is generated
in this cycle and used to fuel ATP synthesis?
aerobic glycolysis
where does aerobic glycolysis take place?
in the mitochondria
How much ATP is generated from 1 mole of glucose?
Either 6 or 8 ATP
What does the difference in amounts of ATP produced depend on?
unknown….
What are these coenzymes NADH formed from?
Niacin B3
What amino acids produce pyruvate through gluconeogenesis?
Methionine Cysteine Tryptophan Alanine Threonine
Acetyl CoA can be produced by what amino acids?
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
tryptophan
Alpha Ketoglutarate is produced from which amino acids?
Arginine Ornithine Hydroxyproline Proline Glutamate Histidine
Succinyl CoA is produced by amino acids?
Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine
What amino acids produce fumarate?
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
What amino acid is malate produced from?
aspartate
If the body has enough ATP, where is the cycle may become blocked?
at the isocitrate position
Which 2 nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms for use in the electron transport chain?
B2 and B3
Name the other 3 nutrients which are needed in this process?
Coenzyme Q10, B2 and B3
What are the end products of this electron chain?
oxygen and water (ATP?)
In skeletal muscle which enzyme stimulates the breakdown of glycogen?
adenyl cylase
What does the initial step of the Cori cycle form?
cyclic AMP from ATP
What hormone initials the first step of the cori cycle?
Adrenaline
Which enzyme causes the addition of phosphates throughout the Cori Cycle?
Protein kinase
Other than COH’s what other products can glucose be synthesized from?
amino acids Fats Lactate Pyruvate Certain amino acids
Which process stimulates ketogenesis?
Glutoneogenesis
