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Nutritional Biochemisty > Energy systems 1 > Flashcards

Energy systems 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What does Glycogenolysis refer to?

A

the breakdown of glycogen

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1
Q

What does Glycogenesis refer to?

A

the making of glycogen

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2
Q

What does Glycolosis refer to?

A

Oxidation of glucose

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3
Q

What does the Kreb cycle do?

A

it is the oxidation of pyruvate and Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

What is Gluoneogenesis?

A

It is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors

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5
Q

What are the catabolic pathways and their function?

A

Glycogenolysis- breakdown of glycogen
Proteolysis- breakdown of glycogen
Lipolysis- breakdown of fatty acid
Glycolysis- breakdown of glucose

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6
Q

Name the Anabolic pathways of energy metabolism and their functions?

A

Glycogenesis- the creation of glycogen
Protein synthesis
Lipogenesis- fatty acid synthesis
Gluconeogenesis- Glucose synthesis

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7
Q

What is the first step of glycogenesis?

A

Glucose is first phosphorylated producing a phosphate ester at no.6 carbon of glucose

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8
Q

In what type of cells is the enzyme hexokinase?

A

muscle cells

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9
Q

In what organ is the enzyme primarily glycokinase?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What can glucokinase also be produced by?

A

Insulin

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11
Q

What does low glycokinase activity lead to?

A

the livers inability to rapidly take up and metabolise glucose

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12
Q

Where is the major site of Glycogen synthesis and storage?

A

the liver

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13
Q

Where is the major site of glycogen storage?

A

Liver, but also stored in the skeletal muscle

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14
Q

During the synthesis of Glycogen, why is its branching structure important?

A

it increases he glycogens solubility and compactness

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15
Q

What enzyme is a primary target for insulin in glycogen synthesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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16
Q

Which amino acid regualtes glycogen synthase’s activity?

A

Glycogenin = primer

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17
Q

which hormones regulate glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon & Adrenalin/Epinephrine

18
Q

In the last step of glycogenolysis, which enzyme acts on glucose 6 phosphate to produce glucose?

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

19
Q

Where is the only place that this enzyme functions?

A

in the liver and kidney

20
Q

In glycolysis, what 2 products is glucose oxidized into?

A

Lactate or pyruvate

21
Q

What does the choice of which product is made depend on?

A

Whether there is oxygen present or not

22
Q

What is the name of the cycle which occurs under aerobic conditions?

A

Krebs cycle

23
Q

What is the name of the process by which the NADH is generated
in this cycle and used to fuel ATP synthesis?

A

aerobic glycolysis

24
Q

where does aerobic glycolysis take place?

A

in the mitochondria

25
Q

How much ATP is generated from 1 mole of glucose?

A

Either 6 or 8 ATP

26
Q

What does the difference in amounts of ATP produced depend on?

A

unknown….

27
Q

What are these coenzymes NADH formed from?

A

Niacin B3

28
Q

What amino acids produce pyruvate through gluconeogenesis?

A 
Methionine
Cysteine
Tryptophan
Alanine
Threonine
29
Q

Acetyl CoA can be produced by what amino acids?

A

isoleucine
leucine
lysine
tryptophan

30
Q

Alpha Ketoglutarate is produced from which amino acids?

A 
Arginine
Ornithine
Hydroxyproline
Proline
Glutamate
Histidine
31
Q

Succinyl CoA is produced by amino acids?

A

Isoleucine
Valine
Methionine

32
Q

What amino acids produce fumarate?

A

Phenylalanine

Tyrosine

33
Q

What amino acid is malate produced from?

A

aspartate

34
Q

If the body has enough ATP, where is the cycle may become blocked?

A

at the isocitrate position

35
Q

Which 2 nutrients carry the hydrogen atoms for use in the electron transport chain?

A

B2 and B3

36
Q

Name the other 3 nutrients which are needed in this process?

A

Coenzyme Q10, B2 and B3

37
Q

What are the end products of this electron chain?

A

oxygen and water (ATP?)

38
Q

In skeletal muscle which enzyme stimulates the breakdown of glycogen?

A

adenyl cylase

39
Q

What does the initial step of the Cori cycle form?

A

cyclic AMP from ATP

40
Q

What hormone initials the first step of the cori cycle?

A

Adrenaline

41
Q

Which enzyme causes the addition of phosphates throughout the Cori Cycle?

A

Protein kinase

42
Q

Other than COH’s what other products can glucose be synthesized from?

A 
amino acids
Fats
Lactate
Pyruvate
Certain amino acids
43
Q

Which process stimulates ketogenesis?

A

Glutoneogenesis

Nutritional Biochemisty (9 decks)

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