Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MolCell Mega Class > FAN > Flashcards

FAN Flashcards

1
Q

The introduction of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) into a cell causes degradation of the ___________ mRNA.

A

complementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RNA interference (RNAi) is a phenomenon in which the introduction of ________ into a diverse range of organisms and cell types causes degradation of the complementary mRNA, thereby specifically knocking down the expression of genes.

A

double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

siRNA stands for _______.

A

small interfering RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Long dsRNAs are cleaved into short 21-25 nucleotide siRNAs by a ribonuclease known as _________.

A

Dicer-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The siRNAs made by Dicer-2 assemble with protein components into a/an __________.

A

RNA-induced Silencing Complex (RISC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Activated RISC then binds to the complementary transcript by _______ interactions between the siRNA strand and the mRNA.

A

base pairing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sequence-specific degradation of mRNA results in ________.

A

gene silencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cell response to dsRNA is more complicated; it triggers a cellular immune response involving the release of ________ that ultimately kills the cell. This is an issue!

A

interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In 2001, it was discovered that if ________ are introduced into mammalian cells, they avoid the activation of cellar inflammation and death signaling; a gene-specific silencing process can be started.

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (<50 nt at the time; now usually 19-21nt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The process for determining an effective siRNA has ____ rules.

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The 5’ end of the antisense strand of a functional siRNA should have a/an _____ or _____.

A

A or U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The 5’ end of the sense strand of a functional siRNA should have a/an _____ or ______.

A

G or C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A functional siRNA should have greater than ______ A or U nucleotides in the seed sequence (second - ninth nt of antisense strand from the 5’ end).

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cleavage site (9-10 nt) of a functional siRNA should be an ____ and _____.

A

A/U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A functional siRNA should have ________ 2-nt 3’-overhangs.

A

unilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

shRNA stands for ________.

A

short hairpin RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

shRNA is used for _______ expressing double-stranded siRNA.

A

long-term

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The spacer in shRNA is _________.

A

TCAAGAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

siRNA delivery is used in _____ and _______ research.

A

basic, clinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Some applications of ______ include cancer, hypercholesterolemia, infections, developmental defects, and neurodegenerative diseases.

A

siRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In principle any gene can be silenced by ______.

A

small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RNAi provides a rapid approach for assessing the ________ and developing siRNA drug to treat human disease.

A

loss-of-gene function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Long dsRNA, synthetic dsRNA, and shRNA can be processed to siRNA via ________, then induce the sequence-specific degradation of complementary mRNA.

A

dicer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The phenomenon of RNA-mediated gene silencing is called ___________.

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

There are ______ major divisions of non-coding RNA (ncRNA).

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The 2 types of ncRNA are _______ and _________.

A

housekeeping (snRNA, tRNA, rRNA), regulatory (RNAi, eRNA, lncRNA, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A microRNA is a small non-coding RNA molecule containing about ______ nucleotides.

A

21-25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

miRNA is found in plants, animals, some viruses, and ______.

A

humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

miRNA functions mostly in ________ and _________ regulation of gene expression.

A

RNA silencing, post-transcriptional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The first microRNA ______ was discovered in 1993.

A

lin-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

lin-4 produces a ______ nucleotide RNA.

A

~21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The lin-4 RNA contains sequences partially complementary to multiple sequences in the _______ of the lin-14 mRNA.

A

3’ UTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The binding of lin-4 RNA to lin-14 mRNA causes the ______ of lin-14 mRNA translation.

A

inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The second microRNA, ______, was discovered in 2000.

A

Let-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

miRNA genes are located in the _____ regions of the genome.

A

intergenic, intronic, exonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The passenger strand of miRNA is also known as ________.

A

miRNA*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The guide strand of miRNA is also known as _______.

A

mature miRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The guide strand of miRNA forms the ______.

A

miRISC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The miRISC binds to the _______ of mRNA.

A

3’-UTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

RNA sequencing results show that _________ of a miRNA are expressed and functional.

A

both strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The 2 strands of miRNA are named using the _______ nomenclature.

A

miR-name-number-letter p

42
Q

The _______ of the miRNA name denotes which arm of the precursor hairpin the miRNA is derived from.

A

letter

43
Q

miRNAs recognize their target mRNA 3’-UTR by the ________ rule.

A

Seed-Match

44
Q

One miRNA can target _______ of multiple genes.

A

3-UTRs

45
Q

One gene 3-UTR can be targeted by __________.

A

multiple miRNAs

46
Q

A ______ assay is used to validate miRNA targets.

A

reporter

47
Q

________ can be used to overexpress miRNA.

A

miRNA mimics

48
Q

_______ can be used to reduce miRNA levels.

A

AntagomiR

49
Q

AntagomiRs are modified with _______ and ________ to enhance stability.

A

2′-O-methyl-modified nucleotides, phosphorothioate linkage

50
Q

MicroRNAs are a class of endogenous non–protein-coding RNAs comprising about ______ nucleotides.

A

22

51
Q

miRNAs are well-conserved among _______.

A

species

52
Q

miRNAs regulate gene expression at the _______ level.

A

post-transcriptional

53
Q

miRNAs recognize their target ________ where they mainly inhibit translation or direct destructive cleavage of target mRNA.

A

mRNA-3’UTRs

54
Q

One miRNA can regulate ______ or ______ of gene expression.

A

tens, hundreds

55
Q

One gene expression can be regulated by ______ different miRNAs.

A

multiple

56
Q

Long ncRNA is defined as transcripts that are produced by ________.

A

RNA polymerase II

57
Q

Long ncRNA is defined as transcripts that are longer than ______ nucleotides.

A

200

58
Q

Long ncRNA is defined as transcripts that are _______ conserved among species.

A

poorly

59
Q

Long ncRNA can regulate gene expression either _______ or _________ at either the _______ or _______ level.

A

positively or negatively, transcriptional (nucleus) or post-transcriptional (cytosol)

60
Q

All known lncRNAs are divided into _______ classes.

A

five

61
Q

The 5 classes of lncRNAs are based on their relationship with ______ or _______ genomic features.

A

adjacent, overlapping

62
Q

The 5 classes of lncRNAs are sense, intergenic, antisense, bidirectional, and ______.

A

intronic

63
Q

________ lncRNAs are the most common.

A

Sense

64
Q

_______ lncRNAs are the second most common.

A

Intergenic

65
Q

lncRNAs mediate gene regulation in the ______ and the _______.

A

nucleus, cytosol

66
Q

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts longer than ________ bases and without evident protein-coding capacity.

A

200

67
Q

Most lncRNAs are ________ and their most common mechanism of action is via recruitment of blank to DNA.

A

nuclear

68
Q

Some lncRNAs bind to specific proteins and act as ________ within ribonucleoprotein complexes.

A

scaffolds

69
Q

In the cytosol, some lncRNAs can act at the post-transcriptional level as ______ for miRNAs therefore inhibiting the actions of miRNAs on mRNAs.

A

sponges

70
Q

A circRNA is generated by covalently linked the _______ and _______ ends of RNA together to form a single-stranded continuous loop structure.

A

3’, 5’

71
Q

CircRNAs are found in all ______ of life.

A

kingdoms

72
Q

CircRNAs are _______ abundant in cells.

A

highly

73
Q

CircRNAs are _________ conserved.

A

evolutionary

74
Q

CircRNAs can be specific for certain _______ or ______ stages.

A

cell types, developmental stages

75
Q

CircRNAs usually arise from _______ events and circularization of ______ or ______.

A

splicing, exons, introns

76
Q

CircRNAs are _________ stable due to the lack of exposed ends.

A

extraordinary

77
Q

Circular intronic RNAs are formed when an intron _______ resulting from exon skipping forms a circular structure.

A

lariat

78
Q

Circular exonic RNAs are formed when _______ inverted repeats or ALU elements forms an extended base-paired structure.

A

flanking

79
Q

Circular exonic RNAs are formed when interactions between _______ form a bridge.

A

RNA-binding proteins

80
Q

Splicesome-mediated splicing joins a 5’ splice site of a downstream exon with a 3’ splice site of an upstream exon to yield a circular RNA with a “________” junction between exon 4 and exon 2.

A

scrambled exon

81
Q

There are ________ tools available for the discovery of circRNAs from RNA sequencing datasets.

A

prediction

82
Q

circRNAs can act as miRNA _______.

A

sponges

83
Q

circRNAs can bind to ________.

A

cellular proteins

84
Q

circRNAs can generate _________.

A

polypeptides

85
Q

circRNAs can regulate __________ splicing, ______ transcription, and _______ translation.

A

alternative splicing, gene transcription, protein translation

86
Q

circRNAs are a group of endogenous ncRNAs with a special covalent _________ structure.

A

closed loop

87
Q

circRNAs do not have a 5-end _____ and 3- end ______ structure.

A

cap, poly(A) tail

88
Q

circRNAs may arise from ________ or ________.

A

introns, exons

89
Q

The formation of different types of circRNAs results in the formation of _______, ________, and ________ circRNAs.

A

exonic (ecircRNA), intronic (ciRNA), exon-intron (EIciRNA)

90
Q

The vast majority of circRNAs particularly ________ dominantly accumulate in cytoplasm, and ________ and _________ are dominantly localized in the nucleus.

A

ecircRNAs, EIciRNAs and ciRNAs

91
Q

Extracellular non-coding RNAs can be found in __________.

A

microvesicles

92
Q

Extracellular non-coding RNAs can be found in _______, ________, ________, and ________.

A

exosomes, apoptotic bodies, proteins, body fluids

93
Q

Extracellular non-coding RNAs can act as __________.

A

biomarkers

94
Q

Extracellular non-coding RNAs can be used for ________ between cells.

A

communication

95
Q

RNA interference is when the introduction of ________ into a cell causes degradation of the complementary mRNA.

A

double-stranded RNA

96
Q

shRNAs are processed to become _________ in cells.

A

siRNAs

97
Q

A functional siRNA should have a ____ or _____ at the 5’ end of the antisense strand.

A

A or U

98
Q

miRNAs regulate protein expression by recognizing their target ________ and inhibiting translation or directing cleavage of the target.

A

mRNA-3’UTRs

99
Q

lncRNAs regulate gene expression at the ________ or ________ level.

A

transcriptional, post-transcriptional

100
Q

The difference between lncRNA and miRNA in the regulation of gene expression is that lncRNAs can regulate gene expression at both the __________ and ________ levels, while miRNAs regulate gene expression at the _________ level.

A

transcriptional and post-transcriptional, post-transcriptional

101
Q

One of the major functions of a circRNA is to act as a _________.

A

miRNA sponge

MolCell Mega Class (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions