FALL 2015 FINAL!!!!! Flashcards
The ability of the body to maintain stability and normal function even if changes are taking place
Homeostasis
Inspiration of a foreign material into the airway
Aspiration/foreign object
collapse of all or part of the lung
atelectasis
Inflammation of the bronchi
bronchitis
disorder associated with widespread dysfunction of the exocrine glands, abnormal secretion of sweat and saliva, and accumulation, of thick mucus in the lungs
Cystic Fibrosis
Destructive and obstructive airway changes leading to an increased volume of air in the lungs
Emphysema
inflammation of the epiglottis
Epiglottitis
Chronic infection of the lung caused by tubercle bacillus
tuberculosis
Transfer of a cancerous lesion from one area to another
metastases
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
pleural effusion
acute infection in the lung parenchyma
pneumonia
accumulation of air in the pleural cavity resulting in collapse of the lung
pneumothorax
new tissue growth where cell proliferation is uncontrolled
tumor
localized dilation of the abdominal aorta
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm AAA
blockage of bowel lumen
bowel obstruction
failure of bowel peristalsis
lleus
transfer of a cancerous lesion from one area to another
metastases
presence of air in the peritoneal cavity
pnuemoperitoneum
Name this special plane
Interiliac Plane
Name this special plane
occlusal plane
refers to forward or front part of body or forward part of an organ
Anterior or Ventral
refers to parts away from the head of the body
caudad
refers to parts tpward the head of the body
cephalad
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
inferior
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part
peripheral
refers to part or parts on the opposite side of body
contralateral
refers to part(s) on the same side of body
ipsilateral
refers to parts far from the surface
deep
parietal
lining of a body cavity
covering an organ
viseral
top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
Dorsum
Label
- RUQ
- LUQ
- RLQ
- LLQ
Label left to right
- Right hypochondrium
- Epigastrium
- Left hypochondrium
- Right lateral
- Umbilical
- Left lateral
- Right inguinal
- Hypogastrium
- Left inguinal
Name this position
supine
or
dorsal recumbent
Prone
or
ventral recumbent
Fowler
Lithotomy
Trendelenburg
Sims
the path of the CR as it exists the xray tube and goes through the patient to IR.
Projection
CR enters anterior surface and exits the posterior surface
AP Projection
CR enters posterior surface and exits anterior surface
PA Projection
Longitudinal angulation of the CR with the long axis of the body or specific part
Axial Projection
- posture of patient or general body position.
- specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging
Position
What is SID?
Skin to image distance
72” or 40”
overall darkness on the radiograph
density
different shades of grey, controlled by kV
Contrast
A __1__ SID= decrease of magnification and needs __2__ technique
- long
- more
Increasing the OID does what to the magnification?
Increases
Quality/power
kV
Quantity
mAs
Proper age of shielding
0-50
ages to ask pregnancy?
13-50
When do we shield?
when reproductive organs are within 5 cm and will not obstruct objects being radiographed
Adams Apple
C5
Vertebra Prominens
C7, T1
Approx. 2 inches above the jugular notch
T1
Jugular notch
T2, T3
sternal angle
T4, T5
Inferior angles of the scapulae
T7
Xiphoid process
T9, T10
Inferior costal margin
L2, L3
iliac crest
L4
ASIS Level
S1, S2
What does ASIS stand for?
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
SI
Al
Da
Synarthrotic (immovable)
Amphiarthrotic (limited movement)
Diarthrotic (all/free moving)
Do not have a joint cavity. United by various fibrous and connective tissues or ligaments. Strongest in body, IMMOVABLE.
Fibrous Joints
- Syndesmosis
- Suture
- Gomphosis
No joint cavity, very limited movement
Cartilaginous Joints
- Symphysis
- Synchondrosis
Wide Range of motion.
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
Saddle
Ball and Socket
Synovial Joints
SID for Chest Xray?
72”
Which projection is prefered for chest xray and why?
PA b/c less magnification of the heart
Why is a chest xray prefered to be done on a patient who is erect?
- maxium lung capacity
- air/fluid levels
- diaphragm is down
- prevent engorgement of great vessels
Chest Decub:
- Verticle IR
- Horizontal CR
- Recumbent Patient
AP or PA acceptable
SID 72”
- How would we get the clavicles out of the way?
- If that position doesn’t work what else could the radiographer try?
- Lorodotic
- AP Axial projection
Breathing for chest x-ray and why
double inspiration because more air is inhaled on the second breath and with greater ease
How many lobes do each lung have?
Right lung has 3
Left lung has 2 (b/c of heart)
Why are inspiration/expiration chests performed?
- fixed diaphragm
- pnuemothorax
- collapsed lung
- foreign body
How do you judge rotation of lateral chest?
Posterior ribs superimposed
A. Name the structures of the mediastinum:
B. What is NOT in the mediastinum?
A:
- heart
- great vessels
- trachea
- esophagus
- lymphatics
- Thymus
B: Lungs
Cartilage point where the right and left bronchus seperate?
Carina
Which bronchus is more verticle and broader?
Right
Position a patient for a routine/basic chest:
- SID
- Scapulas
- Arms
- IR location
- CR
- Centering
- 72”
- Hug IR or flex arms, back of hands on hips: These roll scapulas out of view of lung field
- up and out of view
- 1 1/2”-2” above relaxed shoulder
- perpendicular to IR at T7
- Center MSP to midline of IR
Anatomy that pertains to abdominal imaging
- iliac crest
- liver (RUQ)
- kidneys (t12-l3)
- stomach (LUQ into RUQ)
- psas muscle
- pubic symphsis
- acetabulum
- Small intestine (23” feet)
- Large intestine aka Colon
- Gallbladder (RUQ)
- Spleen (LUQ)
- Pancreas (LUQ)
Abodomen Radiograph, AP projection, Supine position:
- centering IR
- ensure inclusion of ________
- arms
- @ level of iliac crest (L4)
- pubic symphsis
- up and out of way
Bladder shot
- IR 2-3” above pubic symphsis OR 2” below ASIS
- Suspend respiration
- supine patient
- 10x12 IR or collimation
Upright abdomen (AP)
- IR 2” above the iliac crest (high enough to include diaphragm)
- 14x17 IR
- IF bladder is to be included then center at iliac crest
Criteria for a SUPINE radiograph?
- pubic symphysis to upper abdomen
- kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
AKA as KUB
Criteria for an upright study of diaphragm
- Top of IR at axilla
- 14x17 CW
Kidney shot
+supine patient
+10x12 CW IR (or collimated)
+CR perpendicular to IR midway between T10(xiphoid process) and L4 (umbilicus)
Why do we do a L lateral decub?
Air and fluid level.
Meganblase
Optimum KV for abdominal images?
70-80”
Elevation degree necessary for upright abdomen?
70 Degrees
- We do a decub chest because
- We do an abdomen decub because?
- It’s ordered
- Patient cannot stand
