Chapter Ten: Thorasic Viscera Flashcards by Cassie Underwood

general form of the body that determines the size, shape, position, and movement of internal organs

Body Habitus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lungs appear short and broad with high diaphragm; organs lying away from the midline

Hypersthenic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Space between lungs. Structures include: heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymphatics, and thymus. Bound anteriorly by sternum and posteriorly by vertebrae

Mediastinum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Does the mediastinum include the lungs?

No. It is the space BETWEEN the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gland. Primary control organ of the lymphatic system. Plays critical role in the development of the immune system.
Reaches maximum size at puberty the atrophies.

Thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consist of nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoli.

Respiratory System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organ of BOTH respiratory and digestive system. Extends from skull to esophagus

Pharynx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Located from C4-C-6; nine cartilages (largest being thyroid cartilage). Epiglottis sits at top.

Larynx

AKA: Voice box

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sits atop the larynx. Elevates when a person swallows to avoid food from going down wrong tract.

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Another name for the Larynx

Voice Box

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Extends from levels C6-T4. Bifurcate into two tubes called the primary or main stem bronchi (T4)

Trachea

AKA: Windpipe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many cartilaginous rings does the trachea consist of?

16-20

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cartilage point where the right and left bronchus separate

Carina

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why are foreign objects more likely to pass into R bronchus as opposed to the L?

The R bronchus is more vertical and has a greater diameter.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Organs of respiration.

Lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rounded and pointed upper end of a lung reaching slightly above the clavicles

Apex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which lung is shorter and why?

Right due to the position of the liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many lobes does each lung have?

Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why does the left lung have only two lobes?

Because of the position of the heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of the lung located where the ribs and diaphragm meet

Costophrenic Angles

Approx: T12

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is it preferred to radiograph the chest with a patient in an upright position?

Prevent engorgement of pulmonary vessels
Diaphragm to lowest position
Maximum lung field
Air/Fluid levels (if present)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Explain why double inspiration is preferred with chest radiographs

Because more air is inhaled during the second breath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does the diaphragm go during inhalation?

Down

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When are Inhalation and Expiration Comparative Films performed?

Suspicion of Pnuemothorax
Inhaled foreign bodies
Fixed diaphragm
Atelectasis (collapsed lung)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name for 72" SID

Teleroentgenogram

What size film should be used for a routine chest exam?

14x17 LW or CW

Where should IR be placed during a routine chest exam?

1 1/2"-2" above relaxed shoulders

(In a PA or AP projection) What do we want the patient to do with their shoulders and why? How can we accomplish this?

Roll the shoulders forward because this moves the scapulas out of the view of lung field. Patient could "hug" IR or they could rest back of hands on hips

During a PA projection describe the CR

perpendicular to IR and entering at level T7

What is located at T7?

Inferior aspect of scapula

PA projection: describe how the ribs should be seen on radiograph

Ten posterior ribs. This means patient took a deep enough breath

A lung marking. Where vessels enter lungs. Medial aspect of each lung in which the primary bronchus enters?

Hilum

Why are PA Projections preferred over AP for routine chest exams?

Less magnification of the heart. If it is done as an AP it must be noted.

During a lateral projection (routine chest exam) the MSP will be __________ to the IR

parallel

Where will the MCP be during a routine lateral chest x-ray?

Perpendicular to IR

Why do we not want a patient to lean on bucky during a routine chest exam?

Because it can cause distortion

What should the patient do with arms during a routine lateral chest exam?

Extended directly upward

During a lateral routine chest exam where will the CR enter

Perpendicular to IR entering on the MCP at level T7

Criteria for routine lateral chest exam?

Superimposition of the ribs posterior to the vertebral column

Why is an AP chest exam done?

Normally because patient is too ill to stand for a PA.

SID for routine chest exams?

72" (60" if attainable) | 50" when done on cart

Method name for lordotic position

Lindblom Method

To obtain the lordotic position the tech should instruct the patient to:

Lean back and rest shoulders on bucky and walk feet forward about 1 foot. Arch back and place hands (palms out) on hips.

Describe the CR when doing the Lindblom Method

Perpendicular to IR @ lever of mid-sternum. 72" SID

Reason to do lordotic/axial views?

to demonstrate the apices and to see effusions or lesions

Where should the clavicles appear on a lordotic radiograph?

lying superior to apices

If a patient is unable to perform the lordotic position what is the next best thing?

AP Axial Projection

When doing a PA Axial Projection how should one angle the CR?

10-16 degrees cephalic through level T3

Where would the apices appear to be on a PA Axial Projection?

projected above the clavicles

When doing axial projections REMEMBER: The part furthest away from the IR gets ________

Put up

How should the tech angle the CR during an AP Axial Projection?

15-20 degrees cephalic to the center of the IR and the manubrium

Where are the apices in an AP axial projection?

below the clavicles

A patients body should be rotated approx. _________ during oblique positions

45 degrees

For PA Oblique Projections the side of interest is generally the side _________ from the IR

Farther

CR for a PA Oblique

perpendicular to the IR at level T7

On a LAO which lung will be maximized?

Right

Where should the IR be placed when doing a lordotic position?

3" above the shoulders in order not to clip off apex

For AP Oblique Projections, the side of interest is generally the side ______ to the IR

CLOSEST

CR during an AP oblique projection

Perpendicular to IR at a level 3" below the jugular notch (the CR will EXIT at T7)

Decubs are named for ________

the side the patient is laying on

When doing a decub chest exam why should you have patient remain on side for five minutes prior to exposure?

allows fluid to settle and free air to rise

Describe the CR during a chest decub

horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR at a level 3" below the jugular notch for AP and T7 for PA

What cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm

Which structures branch from the distal end of the trachea?

Primary bronchi

Which primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the other?

Right

Which structures are at the terminal end of the respiratory system?

Bronchioles

Collapse of all or part of the lung

Atelectasis

Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Pleural effusion

Underaeration of the lungs due to lack of surfactant

Hyaline membrane (respiratory distress syndrome)

Chronic infection of the lung due to the tubercle bacillus

Tuberculosis

Replacement of air with fluid in the lung interstitum and alveoli

Pulmonary edema

Pneumonia involving the bronchi and scattered throughout the lung

Lobular (bronchi-pneumonia)

Condition of unknown origin often associated with pulmonary fibrosis

Sarcoidosis

Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity resulting in collapse of lung

Pneumothorax

Destructive and obstructive airway changes leading to an increased volume of air in the lungs.

Emphysema

Three pathologies specific to the chest cavity that you would list as previous conditions

Pneumonia Pneumothorax Emphysema

What size IR should be used when doing a trachea radiograph?

10x12 LW

AP projection of the trachea: ~The patient can be either ___1___ or ___2___ ~Extend patients neck and adjust MSP ___3___ to the plane of IR ~Center IR at ___4___ ~Collimate closely to the ___5___

``` 1-recumbent 2-upright 3-perpendicular 4-manubrium 5-neck ```

CR during AP trachea radiograph

Perpendicular through the manubrium to center of IR

AP trachea radiograph will show: - Outline of air-filled ___1___ - Superimposed on the shadow of the ___2___ vertebrae

1-trachea | 2-cervical

The neck occupies what region of the body?

Between the skull and thorax

The anterior portion of the neck lies in front of structure and what is it comprised of?

In front of vertebrae and comprised of soft tissue

The thyroid gland consists of ___1___ lateral lobes. The lobes are approximately ___2___ long and ___3___ wide, and ___4___ thick.

1- two 2- 2" 3- 1 1/4" 4- 3/4"

This lies at the front of the upper part of the trachea, and the lobes lie at the side.

Isthmus

Small ovoid bodies, two on each side, superior and inferior. Situated on above the other on the posterior aspect of the adjacent lobe of the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid glands

The act of swallowing is referred to as

Deglutition

IR size for routine pharynx and larynx radiographs

8x10 or 10x12 LW