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Monday-Rad Procedures > Chapter Ten: Thorasic Viscera > Flashcards

Chapter Ten: Thorasic Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

general form of the body that determines the size, shape, position, and movement of internal organs

A

Body Habitus

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2
Q

Lungs appear short and broad with high diaphragm; organs lying away from the midline

A

Hypersthenic

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3
Q

Space between lungs. Structures include: heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, lymphatics, and thymus. Bound anteriorly by sternum and posteriorly by vertebrae

A

Mediastinum

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4
Q

Does the mediastinum include the lungs?

A

No. It is the space BETWEEN the lungs

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5
Q

Gland. Primary control organ of the lymphatic system. Plays critical role in the development of the immune system.
Reaches maximum size at puberty the atrophies.

A

Thymus

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6
Q

Consist of nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoli.

A

Respiratory System

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7
Q

Organ of BOTH respiratory and digestive system. Extends from skull to esophagus

A

Pharynx

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8
Q

Located from C4-C-6; nine cartilages (largest being thyroid cartilage). Epiglottis sits at top.

A

Larynx

AKA: Voice box

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9
Q

Sits atop the larynx. Elevates when a person swallows to avoid food from going down wrong tract.

A

Epiglottis

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10
Q

Another name for the Larynx

A

Voice Box

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11
Q

Extends from levels C6-T4. Bifurcate into two tubes called the primary or main stem bronchi (T4)

A

Trachea

AKA: Windpipe

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12
Q

How many cartilaginous rings does the trachea consist of?

A

16-20

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13
Q

Cartilage point where the right and left bronchus separate

A

Carina

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14
Q

Why are foreign objects more likely to pass into R bronchus as opposed to the L?

A

The R bronchus is more vertical and has a greater diameter.

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15
Q

Organs of respiration.

A

Lungs

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16
Q

Rounded and pointed upper end of a lung reaching slightly above the clavicles

A

Apex

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17
Q

Which lung is shorter and why?

A

Right due to the position of the liver

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18
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two

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19
Q

Why does the left lung have only two lobes?

A

Because of the position of the heart

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20
Q

Part of the lung located where the ribs and diaphragm meet

A

Costophrenic Angles

Approx: T12

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21
Q

Why is it preferred to radiograph the chest with a patient in an upright position?

A
  1. Prevent engorgement of pulmonary vessels
  2. Diaphragm to lowest position
  3. Maximum lung field
  4. Air/Fluid levels (if present)
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22
Q

Explain why double inspiration is preferred with chest radiographs

A

Because more air is inhaled during the second breath

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23
Q

Where does the diaphragm go during inhalation?

A

Down

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24
Q

When are Inhalation and Expiration Comparative Films performed?

A
  1. Suspicion of Pnuemothorax
  2. Inhaled foreign bodies
  3. Fixed diaphragm
  4. Atelectasis (collapsed lung)
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25
Q

Name for 72” SID

A

Teleroentgenogram

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26
Q

What size film should be used for a routine chest exam?

A

14x17 LW or CW

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27
Q

Where should IR be placed during a routine chest exam?

A

1 1/2”-2” above relaxed shoulders

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28
Q

(In a PA or AP projection) What do we want the patient to do with their shoulders and why? How can we accomplish this?

A

Roll the shoulders forward because this moves the scapulas out of the view of lung field.

Patient could “hug” IR or they could rest back of hands on hips

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29
Q

During a PA projection describe the CR

A

perpendicular to IR and entering at level T7

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30
Q

What is located at T7?

A

Inferior aspect of scapula

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31
Q

PA projection: describe how the ribs should be seen on radiograph

A

Ten posterior ribs. This means patient took a deep enough breath

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32
Q

A lung marking.
Where vessels enter lungs.
Medial aspect of each lung in which the primary bronchus enters?

A

Hilum

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33
Q

Why are PA Projections preferred over AP for routine chest exams?

A

Less magnification of the heart. If it is done as an AP it must be noted.

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34
Q

During a lateral projection (routine chest exam) the MSP will be __________ to the IR

A

parallel

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35
Q

Where will the MCP be during a routine lateral chest x-ray?

A

Perpendicular to IR

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36
Q

Why do we not want a patient to lean on bucky during a routine chest exam?

A

Because it can cause distortion

37
Q

What should the patient do with arms during a routine lateral chest exam?

A

Extended directly upward

38
Q

During a lateral routine chest exam where will the CR enter

A

Perpendicular to IR entering on the MCP at level T7

39
Q

Criteria for routine lateral chest exam?

A

Superimposition of the ribs posterior to the vertebral column

40
Q

Why is an AP chest exam done?

A

Normally because patient is too ill to stand for a PA.

41
Q

SID for routine chest exams?

A

72” (60” if attainable)

50” when done on cart

42
Q

Method name for lordotic position

A

Lindblom Method

43
Q

To obtain the lordotic position the tech should instruct the patient to:

A

Lean back and rest shoulders on bucky and walk feet forward about 1 foot. Arch back and place hands (palms out) on hips.

44
Q

Describe the CR when doing the Lindblom Method

A

Perpendicular to IR @ lever of mid-sternum. 72” SID

45
Q

Reason to do lordotic/axial views?

A

to demonstrate the apices and to see effusions or lesions

46
Q

Where should the clavicles appear on a lordotic radiograph?

A

lying superior to apices

47
Q

If a patient is unable to perform the lordotic position what is the next best thing?

A

AP Axial Projection

48
Q

When doing a PA Axial Projection how should one angle the CR?

A

10-16 degrees cephalic through level T3

49
Q

Where would the apices appear to be on a PA Axial Projection?

A

projected above the clavicles

50
Q

When doing axial projections REMEMBER: The part furthest away from the IR gets ________

51
Q

How should the tech angle the CR during an AP Axial Projection?

A

15-20 degrees cephalic to the center of the IR and the manubrium

52
Q

Where are the apices in an AP axial projection?

A

below the clavicles

53
Q

A patients body should be rotated approx. _________ during oblique positions

A

45 degrees

54
Q

For PA Oblique Projections the side of interest is generally the side _________ from the IR

55
Q

CR for a PA Oblique

A

perpendicular to the IR at level T7

56
Q

On a LAO which lung will be maximized?

57
Q

Where should the IR be placed when doing a lordotic position?

A

3” above the shoulders in order not to clip off apex

58
Q

For AP Oblique Projections, the side of interest is generally the side ______ to the IR

59
Q

CR during an AP oblique projection

A

Perpendicular to IR at a level 3” below the jugular notch (the CR will EXIT at T7)

60
Q

Decubs are named for ________

A

the side the patient is laying on

61
Q

When doing a decub chest exam why should you have patient remain on side for five minutes prior to exposure?

A

allows fluid to settle and free air to rise

62
Q

Describe the CR during a chest decub

A

horizontal and perpendicular to the center of the IR at a level 3” below the jugular notch for AP and T7 for PA

63
Q

What cavity contains the heart and lungs?

64
Q

What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

65
Q

Which structures branch from the distal end of the trachea?

A

Primary bronchi

66
Q

Which primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the other?

67
Q

Which structures are at the terminal end of the respiratory system?

A

Bronchioles

68
Q

Collapse of all or part of the lung

A

Atelectasis

69
Q

Collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

A

Pleural effusion

70
Q

Underaeration of the lungs due to lack of surfactant

A

Hyaline membrane (respiratory distress syndrome)

71
Q

Chronic infection of the lung due to the tubercle bacillus

A

Tuberculosis

72
Q

Replacement of air with fluid in the lung interstitum and alveoli

A

Pulmonary edema

73
Q

Pneumonia involving the bronchi and scattered throughout the lung

A

Lobular (bronchi-pneumonia)

74
Q

Condition of unknown origin often associated with pulmonary fibrosis

A

Sarcoidosis

75
Q

Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity resulting in collapse of lung

A

Pneumothorax

76
Q

Destructive and obstructive airway changes leading to an increased volume of air in the lungs.

77
Q

Three pathologies specific to the chest cavity that you would list as previous conditions

A

Pneumonia
Pneumothorax
Emphysema

78
Q

What size IR should be used when doing a trachea radiograph?

79
Q

AP projection of the trachea:
~The patient can be either ___1___ or ___2___
~Extend patients neck and adjust MSP ___3___ to the plane of IR
~Center IR at ___4___
~Collimate closely to the ___5___

A 
1-recumbent
2-upright
3-perpendicular 
4-manubrium
5-neck
80
Q

CR during AP trachea radiograph

A

Perpendicular through the manubrium to center of IR

81
Q

AP trachea radiograph will show:

  • Outline of air-filled ___1___
  • Superimposed on the shadow of the ___2___ vertebrae
A

1-trachea

2-cervical

82
Q

The neck occupies what region of the body?

A

Between the skull and thorax

83
Q

The anterior portion of the neck lies in front of structure and what is it comprised of?

A

In front of vertebrae and comprised of soft tissue

84
Q

The thyroid gland consists of ___1___ lateral lobes. The lobes are approximately ___2___ long and ___3___ wide, and ___4___ thick.

A

1- two
2- 2”
3- 1 1/4”
4- 3/4”

85
Q

This lies at the front of the upper part of the trachea, and the lobes lie at the side.

86
Q

Small ovoid bodies, two on each side, superior and inferior. Situated on above the other on the posterior aspect of the adjacent lobe of the thyroid gland.

A

Parathyroid glands

87
Q

The act of swallowing is referred to as

A

Deglutition

88
Q

IR size for routine pharynx and larynx radiographs

A

8x10 or 10x12 LW

Monday-Rad Procedures (14 decks)

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