Factor Affecting Human Growth And Dv

Question 1

Gesell’s maturation theory

Answer 1

(1880-1961)He based his theory on his belief:

• development is genetically determined from birth is a biological process
• children follow the same orderly sequence on their development
• the pace of develop may vary depending on physical and intellectual development

Gesell observed the behaviours of many children from which he determined averages or norms called milestones ( an average set of expectations with respect a young child’s development) which describe children’s physical, emotional and social development

Question 2

Positive and negative views of Gesell’s theory

Answer 2

Positive
- he determined typical norms of development that are still used today
- he used advanced methodology in observations of behaviour of large numbers of children
Negative
- he did not consider the influence of individuals or cultural differences in children
- he believed that the norms of development he described were desirable

Question 3

Social learning theory

Answer 3

Suggested that the way children behave is an interaction between personal and environmental factors

Social learning theory is based on a belief that leaning happens through observing, imitating and modelling the behaviours of others

Question 4

Bandura’s four principles of social learning

Answer 4

1. Attention: leaning takes place when a child focus their attention on a person who models the behaviour
2. Retention: what the child has observed is retained in their memory to be used when an opportunity occurs
3. Reproduction: what has been learned is reproduced or imitated
   (Nurture)
4. Motivation: children feel motivated because they anticipate intrinsic or extrinsic rewards

Question 5

Nature vs Nurture

Answer 5

Nature: genetic inheritance and other biological factors
Nurture: the influence of external factors after conception such as social and environmental factors

Question 6

Genetic factors

Answer 6

A dominant gene can be a defective gene can be passed on from one parent or both. It can develop:

• brittle bone disease it causes bones to break easily
• Huntington’s disease it causes involuntary movement, cognitive and psychiatric disorders

Recessive genes must be passed from one parent or both it san develop
- cystic fibrosis it causes a build up of thick sticky mucous that can damage the lungs
- phenylketonuria it causes intellectual disability and developmental delay
- duchenne muscular dystrophy it causes muscle weakness and wasting resulting in difficulty with motor skills and walking
If the defective gene is passed from one parent only the child becomes a carrier

Question 7

Conditions caused by an abnormality in an individual’s chromosomes

Answer 7

• Down syndrome: individuals have an estar copy of chromosomes 21 causing facial features , growth delay and intellectual disability
• colour blindness: caused by mutations in the X chromosome