Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Yr3 Revision: Condensed Notes > Eyes N Ears > Flashcards

Eyes N Ears Flashcards

1
Q
A

Periorbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A

Haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
A

Viral conjunctivitis
- normally adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
A

Allergic conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A

Blepharitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name three causes that could be stopping this red reflex [3]

A

Anything that blocks the reflection of light
- E.g. cataracts, vitreous haemmorrhage, retinoblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

During your fund. Exam you reach the optic disc.
What three things should you assess at this stage? [3]

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe your findings from this image [3]

A

Have a system:

Disc margins:
- Bluured

Retinal veins:
- swollen

Other features:
- Retinal haemorrhages around disc

SHOWS papilloedema - indicates intracranial hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A

Figure 1. Retinal photograph of the right eye showing papilloedema in a patient with IIH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When would you use a blue and green filter on a fundoscopy exam? [2]

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the three classifications of diabetic retinopathy? [2]

A

non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) marked by:
- microaneurysms
- retinal haemorrhages (dot haemorrhages)
- hard exudates (yellowish deposits of lipid due to vessel leakage)

proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) (more advanced and severe stage), is characterized by:
- the proliferation of new, fragile blood vessels that can bleed into the vitreous, leading to vision loss due to VEGF upregulation
- can be new vessels on disc (NVD) OR new vessels everywhere (NVE)

Diabetic maculopathy:
- Presence of any retinopathy within 1 disc diameter around macula:
Can be:
- Focal
- Diffuse
- Ischaemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can PDR lead to blindness? [4]

A
  • New blood vessels are very fragile; easily break and leak
  • Retinal haemorrhage can lead to acute blindness
  • If repeated; leads to fibrosis & scarring
  • Can lead to: tractional retinal detachment: when scar tissue or other tissue grows on your retina and pulls it away from the layer underneath
20
Q

Which pathology is depicted? [1]

A

Diabetic maculopathy: hard exudates near to the macula

21
Q

What is depicted in this image? [1]

A

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy:
extensive vitreous haemorrhage obscuring most of fundus (white circle)}

22
Q

What is the arrow pointing to? [1]

A

Cotton wool spot

23
Q

What is depicted in this image? [1]

A

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: blot haemorrhage (white circle)}

24
Q

Describe what is happening in this image [1]

A

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: NVD new vessels on the optic disc

25
What is the management of diabetic retinopathy? [5]
**Laser photocoagulation** **Anti-VEGF medications** such as **ranibizumab, bevacizumab & Aflibercept** **Vitreoretinal surgery** (keyhole surgery on the eye) may be required in severe disease or a vitrectomy may be necessary to clear severe vitreous hemorrhage or to relieve tractional retinal detachment. Corticosteroids (**triamcinolone**, **dexamethasone implant**) can also be used, particularly in refractory DME. **Pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP)**: laser used to make small burns evenly across the peripheral retina - should make blood vessels shrink and dissapear
26
Name this sign [1] and disease [1] that is a complication of diabetes
**Prayer sign; diabetic cheiroarthropathy**
27
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *Damaged vessels may rupture and leak blood.* Venous beading Cotton wool spots Hard exudates Dot and blot haemorrhages Microaneurysms
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *Damaged vessels may rupture and leak blood.* Venous beading Cotton wool spots Hard exudates **Dot and blot haemorrhages** Microaneurysms
28
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *transient, small, whitish opacities with feathery edges located within the superficial retina and represent microinfarctions of small retinal arteriole* Venous beading Cotton wool spots Hard exudates Dot and blot haemorrhages Microaneurysms
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *transient, small, whitish opacities with feathery edges located within the superficial retina and represent microinfarctions of small retinal arteriole* Venous beading **Cotton wool spots** Hard exudates Dot and blot haemorrhages Microaneurysms
29
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *Deposits of lipids that have leaked onto the retina through damaged vessels.* Venous beading Cotton wool spots Hard exudates Dot and blot haemorrhages Microaneurysms
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *Deposits of lipids that have leaked onto the retina through damaged vessels.* Venous beading Cotton wool spots **Hard exudates** Dot and blot haemorrhages Microaneurysms
30
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *“Out-pouching” results from weakened capillary walls. The earliest visible clinical sign of diabetic retinopathy.* Venous beading Cotton wool spots Hard exudates Dot and blot haemorrhages Microaneurysms
The following term describes which sign of diabetic retinopathy *“Out-pouching” results from weakened capillary walls. The earliest visible clinical sign of diabetic retinopathy.* Venous beading Cotton wool spots Hard exudates Dot and blot haemorrhages **Microaneurysms**
31
What is the most common cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes? [1] Describe this [1]
**Diabetic macular oedema (DMO)** DMO is the commonest cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes **DMO is characterised by oedematous changes in or around the macula**. As the macula is responsible for central vision, affected patients tend to complain of blurred vision when reading or difficulty recognising faces in front of them. DMO is the commonest cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes.9
32
DMO can be subcategorised into three categories. Describe them [3]
**Focal/diffuse macular oedema:** * the fluid that escapes from damaged vessels can be well-circumscribed (focal) or more widespread and poorly demarcated in nature (diffuse). **Ischaemic maculopathy**: - patients will be symptomatic with defects in visual acuity due to ischaemia at the site of the macula. These areas are best visualised with fluorescein angiography. **Clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO):** - CSMO describes significant changes associated with retinopathy, such as hard exudates and retinal thickening, found within a certain distance to the fovea or greater than a certain size.
33
What is the name of this treatment for diabetic retinopathy? [1]
Pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP)
34
Name a complication of diabetic retinopathy [1]
Diabetic retinopathy is one of several causes of **neovascular glaucoma**: a type of secondary glaucoma. Neovascularization can occur within the iris and its trabecular meshwork (rubeosis) causing a narrowing and closure of the drainage angle and therefore increased intraocular pressure.
35
Name a complication of diabetic retinopathy [1]
Diabetic retinopathy is one of several causes of **neovascular glaucoma**: a type of secondary glaucoma. Neovascularization can occur within the iris and its trabecular meshwork (rubeosis) causing a narrowing and closure of the drainage angle and therefore increased intraocular pressure.
36
What level of diabetic retinopathy does it suggest? [1]
**New vessels on disc** - Proliferative DR
37
What level of diabetic retinopathy does it suggest? [1]
**Microaneursym** - Non-proliferative DR
38
What level of diabetic retinopathy does it suggest? [1]
**New vessels everywhere**: - PDR
39
What level of diabetic retinopathy does it suggest? [1]
Dot & Blot haemorrhages - NPDR
40
**Diabetic maculopathy**
41
Describe the 4 stages of hypertensive retinopathy [4]
42
43
44
45
Grade 4
46
Describe the difference in findings between central retinal artery occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion [+]

Yr3 Revision: Condensed Notes (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions