Eyes/Ears Flashcards
aging eye
decreased acuity/ability to dilate/elasticity, blurry, cataracts
structural changes of the eye
decreased muscle tone
hyperopia
farsightedness
arcus senilis(structural change)
blue white rim around cornea from fat deposits
ectropion and dry eye (structural change)
drooping lower lid turning outward exposing more of the eye causing dry eye
near point of vision (functional change)
increases the ability to see close up
far point of vision (functional change)
decreases the ability to see far away
presbyopia
lens loses elasticity causing problems with nearsightedness
myopia
nearsightedness
astigmatism
curve of cornea is uneven causing blurred vision
refractive surgery
reshape corneal layer that takes up to 4 wks for best vision
non surgical corrections for refractive errors
corrective glasses or contacts
interventions for reduced vision
communication, safety, assisted ambulation, self care, support adapting
intraocular lens implantation
remove old lens and replace with new one (mostly for cataracts)
gerontologic considerations for visual impairment
low ability to function, confusion, poor compliance w meds
conjunctivitis
reddened eye that is very contagious
causes of conjunctivitis
bacterial, allergic or chlamydial infections, COVID
patho of cataracts
lens opacity that distorts image that may progress differently in each eye
teaching for conjunctivitis
wash hands, dont rub eye
as cataract matures
opacity makes it difficulty to see retina
cataract
clouding/blurring of lens distort image and color projected on retina
effects of cataracts
restricted acuity, lens density increases, blurred vision, decreases red reflex
genetic risk of cataracts
present at birth or developed by 75 and can occur w other diseases
preoperative care for cataracts
med list (those that cause bleeding), eye drops, informed consent, opthalmic drugs
prevention of cataracts
no heavy sun/UV, wear sunglasses and head protection, no smoking
cause of cataracts
age related or trauma/exposure
primary problem for patients with cataracts
impaired visual sensory perception
hx of cataract assessment
hx of trauma, exposure, drugs, intraocular disease, hx of cataract, smoking
signs of complications of cataract surgery
sharp eye pain, bleeding, swelling, decreased vision, flashes of light, floating shapes
cataract surgery
removal of lens from high frequency waves breaking up and removing lens and clear plastic one inserted
management of cataract surgery
light eye patch, no water, eye drops, s/s to report
health teaching of cataract surgery
no lifting, no aspirin
outcome of cataract surgery
improved visual sensory perception in 4-6wks
retinal holes, tears, detachments
separation of retina from epithelium
s/s of retinal holes, tears, detachments
sudden painless onset, bright flashes of light or floating dark spots
interventions of retinal holes, tears, detachments
laser photocoagulation, surgery, no reading or heavy lifting
macular degeneration
eye disease blurring central vision from damage to macula
dry macular degeneration
slow/gradual blockage of retinal capillaries and cells become ischemic and die
s/s of dry macular degeneration
central vision declines, blurring, visual distortion, night vision impaired
risk factors of dry macular degeneration
increased cholesterol, high BP, diabetes
wet macular degeneration
sudden decrease in vision with no cure but laser therapy slows it
patho of glaucoma
increased ocular pressure by creating too much or not draining enough fluid
open angle glaucoma
most common that effects both eyes
angle closure glaucoma
emergency displacement of iris pressing against cornea and prevent production of aqueous humor
genetic risk of glaucoma
black people over 40, hx of glaucoma, high BP, corneal thinness, optic nerve abnl
s/s of glaucoma
headache/brow pain, N/V, colored halos around lights, blurred vision w decreased light perception
primary problems for glaucoma pt
impaired visual sensory perception, decreased visual acuity
nonsurgical management for glaucoma
drugs, vision rehab
surgical management of glaucoma
LPI, tube shunt
drug therapy for glaucoma
reduce production or increase absorption of aqueous humor
prostaglandin agonist (glaucoma)
dilate blood vessels to increase absorption of fluid
adrenergic agonists (glaucoma)
dilate pupils and limit fluid production
beta adrenergic blocker:timolol maleate (glaucoma)
dilate pupils and limit fluid production
carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (glaucoma)
limit production of fluid
cholinergic agonists: pilocarpine (glaucoma)
limit production of fluid and improve outflow
management of glaucoma
eyedrops daily, handwashing, s/s of choroidal detachment/hemorrhage
ear changes associated with aging
drier cerumen, low tympanic membrane elasticity and bony ossicle movement, poor acuity, disturbed vestibular function
conductive hearing loss
from any physical obstruction of sound wave transmission
sensorineural hearing loss
from defect in cochlea, 8th cranial nerve or brain due to ototoxic meds
mixed hearing loss
profound hearing loss containing conductive and sensorineural
test
voice, watch, audioscopy, weber tuning fork
medical interventions of hearing issues
early detection, safety, diet, meds
surgical interventions for hearing issues
hearing aids, implants
communication interventions for hearing issues
lip read, sign language, speech therapy
acute otitis media
infection in middle ear causing inflammation/swelling of ossicles with purulent drainage
acute otitis media is more common
in kids from canal being horizontal
chronic otitis media
repeated acute episodes with long duration
serous otitis media
fluid accumulating in middle ear from illness (fever, upper resp infection)
s/s of otitis media
tinnitus, headache, malaise, fever, N/V, dizzy
prolonged otitis media can cause
eardrum to be perforated
nonsurgical management of otitis media
quiet environment, limit head movement, heat/cold, antihistamines/decongestants, ear drips
myringotomy for otitis media
surgical opening of pars tensa of eardrum placing tube inside as eardrum grows around it and pushes it out
post op care for otitis media
ear/canal free of substances, keep head dry
cerumen
more common cause of impacted ear canal
impacted ear canal s/s
fullness of ear, pain, itchy, dizzy, bleeding
mastoiditis
infection of mastoid air cells from progressive otitis media
s/s of mastoiditis
swelling behind ear, pain, immobile/red eardrum, fever, drainage
treatment of mastoiditis
antibiotics, surgical removal of infected tissue
tinnitus
continuous ringing or noise perception
causes of tinnitus
brain substituting a sound the brain is not getting the input it needs to interpret it
tinnitus therapy
focus on masking tinnitus with background sound and noise makers during sleeping
vertigo and dizziness
more common s/s of ear disorders
teaching for vertigo
restrict head motions, hydrate, antivertiginous drugs
meniere disease
episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss that lasts several days
health teaching for meniere disease
diet adjustment, move head slowly, ni smoking
treatment of meniere disease
vestibular rehab, drug therapy, surgery
drug therapy for meniere disease
diuretics, gentamycin, promethazine, meclizine
