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NMSP > Eye Pathology part 2 > Flashcards

Eye Pathology part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a risk factor for cataracts?

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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2
Q

What is a cataract?

A

Opacities of the lens of the eye

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3
Q

AGE-related cataracts result from opacification of what part of the lens and what is it called?

A

Nuclear Sclerosis

– opacification of the lens nucleus

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4
Q

What are 2 risk factors for Glaucoma?

A

Age and Diabetes Mellitus

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5
Q

What is Glaucoma associated with?

A

Increased intraocular pressure

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6
Q

Glaucoma involves changes in what 2 things?

A

Changes in the visual field and in the cup of the optic nerve

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7
Q

Describe the normal flow of the Aqueous Humor

A
  • Ciliary body to Posterior Chamber
  • Through the pupil into the Anterior Chamber
  • Draining into the Trabecular Meshwork of the Cornea
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8
Q

Open Angle Glaucoma

A

Open access to the Trabecular Meshwork

–> Increased resistance to aqueous flow

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9
Q

Open access to Trabecular Meshwork

  • -> Increased resistance to aqueous flow
  • -> Increased intraocular pressure
A

Open Angle Glaucoma

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10
Q

Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Peripheral zone of the Iris adheres to Trabecular Meshwork and IMPEDES outflow of aqueous fluid

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11
Q

Peripheral zone of the iris adheres to the trabecular meshwork and impedes outflow of fluid

A

Angle Closure Glaucoma

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12
Q

Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Iris bombe – iris bows forward to block trabecular meshwork

= Fluid is stuck in the posterior chamber

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13
Q

Secondary Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Membranes form of the iris and blocks trabecular meshwork

= Fluid is stuck in the anterior chamber/posterior chamber

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14
Q

Adhesions between the iris and trabecular meshwork

A

Anterior Synechiae

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15
Q

Adhesions between the iris and anterior lens surface

A

Posterior Synechiae

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16
Q

Endophthalmitis

A

Inflammation in vitreous humor

– if suppurative => few hours may cause irreversible retinal injury

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17
Q

What 3 structures make up the Uvea?

A

Iris
Choroid
Ciliary Body

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18
Q

Uveitis

A

Inflammation of structures of the Uvea (iris/choroid/ciliary body)

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19
Q

What are 3 infections that can cause Uveitis?

A

Pneumocystis Carinii
CMV
Toxoplasmosis

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20
Q

NON-infectious Uveitis and what cells infiltrate?

A

Sympathetic Ophthalmia

= NO plasma cells + Eosinophils

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21
Q

Sympathetic Ophthalmia is NON-infectious Uveitis (inflammation). It is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction that affects _____

A

BOTH eyes – injured and non-injured!

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22
Q

Melanoma and Nevi can also affect the Uvea. What other structure do they affect?

A

Conjunctiva

23
Q

What is the most common intraocular malignancy of adults and what does it NOT have a link to?

A

Uveal Melanoma

– NO link to UV light!

24
Q

What mutations are present with Uveal Melanoma?

A

GNAQ, GNAII, BAP1

25
Q

If Uveal melanoma is more aggressive, where is it likely in the uvea? Also, what 3 mutations are present with Uveal Melanoma?

A

More aggressive - Choroid/Ciliary body

  1. GNAQ
  2. GNAII
  3. BAP1
26
Q

What 2 types of Uveal Melanoma are there and which shape has the worse prognosis?

A 
Spindle = fusiform
Epithelioid = spherical with worse prognosis
27
Q

Where is the 1st site of metastasis for Uveal Melanoma?

A

Liver

28
Q

What are the cell attributes of Melanoma?

A

Large nuclei with irregular contours and RED nucleoli

29
Q

Melanoma terms

  • Radial growth
  • Vertical growth
  • Clark’s level
  • Breslow thickness
A
  • Radial growth = horizontal growth
  • Vertical growth = determines behavior
  • Clark’s level = anatomic level of invasion
  • Breslow thickness = thickness of tumor
30
Q

RPE

A

Retinal Pigment Epithelium

31
Q

Retinal Detachment involves the separation of what 2 things?

A

Neurosensory Retina from RPE

32
Q

Rhegmatogenous vs. NON-Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments

A

Rhegmatogenous - full thickness retinal defect

NON-Rhegmatogenous - detachment WITHOUT retinal break

33
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa

A

Affects the rods and cones – Hereditary (autosomal dominant = later onset)

34
Q

The adult Vitreous Humor is Avascular. If it liquifies and collapses, what occurs?

A

Floaters

35
Q

Vitreous humor liquifies and collapses

A

Floaters

36
Q

What are 2 risk factors for Retinal Vascular Disease?

A

HTN

DM

37
Q

With Retinal Vascular Disease, what may occur since arterioles and veins share a sheath?

A

With a plaque, arteriole may compress the vein where the vessels cross

38
Q

With Malignant HTN, what are 2 things that can be seen?

A
  1. Macular star

2. Cytoid bodies (cotton wool spots)

39
Q

What are Cytoid bodies (cotton wool spots)?

A
  • Malignant HTN

= Mitochondria accumulate at the ends of swollen axons in nerve fiber layer

40
Q

Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

A

Thickened basement membrane of retinal blood vessels

– microaneurysms, exudates, edema present

41
Q

Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

A

New vessels sprouting from optic nerve or retinal surface

42
Q

What is the primary intraocular malignancy of childhood?

A

Retinoblastoma

43
Q

The RB gene is on what chromosome?

A

13Q14

44
Q

What does the normal RB gene do and then describe how Retinoblastoma may occur?

A

Suppresses development of Retinoblastoma

– 1 abnormal gene may help to mutate other normal gene => Retinoblastoma occurs due to loss of suppression

45
Q

Where are 2 places that Retinoblastoma may spread?

A

Brain

Bone Marrow

46
Q

What 2 histo items are present with Retinoblastoma?

A
  • Flexner - Wintersteiner Rosettes

- Fleurette

47
Q

Flexner-Wintersteiner Rosettes and what they are seen with?

A
  • Retinoblastoma

= Photoreceptor Differentiation

48
Q

Fleurettes and what they are seen with?

A
  • Retinoblastoma

= Clusters of cells composed of rod/cone segments

49
Q

Is the degree of tumor differentiation associated with prognosis with a retinoblastoma?

A

NO

– extraocular invasion is though

50
Q

Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION)

A

Injuries varying from ischemia to infarction of the Optic Nerve

51
Q

With Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy, describe the end results of transient partial vs. total blood flow interruptions

A

Transient partial => transient vision loss

Total => infarct => permanent vision loss

52
Q

Papilledema

A

BILATERAL optic nerve swelling

53
Q

What is the end stage of the eye?

A

Phthisis Bulbi

NMSP (28 decks)

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