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EOR: Family Medicine > Eye Disorders: Pathophys/Etiology > Flashcards

Eye Disorders: Pathophys/Etiology Flashcards

1
Q

Eversion of eyelid and eyelashes

A

Ectropion

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2
Q

relaxation of _______ causes ectropion

A

orbicularis oculi

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3
Q

Inversion of eyelid and eyelashes

A

Entropion

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4
Q

Spasm of ______ may cause entropion

A

orbicularis oculi

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5
Q

Which is more common in elderly patients? Entropion or Ectropion

A

Entropion

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6
Q

Infection of lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct obstruction

A

Dacrocystitis

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7
Q

4 Infectious agents that commonly cause dacrocystitis…

A

staph epidermis
staph aureus
GAS
Pseudomonas

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8
Q

Inflammation of the eyelid margin.

Can be posterior or anterior.

A

Blepharitis

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9
Q

Which type of blepharitis:

  • Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
  • MC Type of blepharitis
A

Posterior

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10
Q

2 types of anterior blepharitis:

A

infectious (staph aureus or epidermis)

seborrheic

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11
Q

______ blepharitis involves the skin and base of eyelashes

A

anterior

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12
Q

localized abscess of the eyelid margin…

A

Hordeolum

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13
Q

MC cause of hordeolum

A

Staph Aureus (90% of cases)

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14
Q

Painless indurated granuloma of internal Meibomian sebaceous gland

A

Chalazion

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15
Q

Chalazion is caused by obstruction of what gland(s)?

A

Zeis or Meibomian Glands

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16
Q

Slow growing thickening of bulbar conjunctiva consisting of fat, protein and calcium.

A

Pinguecula

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17
Q

Slow growing thickening of bulbar conjunctiva which starts medially

A

Pterygium

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18
Q

Disruption of the outer membranes of the eye due to blunt or penetrating trauma

911

A

Globe rupture

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19
Q

Fx of orbital floor due to blunt trauma

May lead to trapping of eye structures

A

Orbital Floor “Blowout Fx”

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20
Q

Orbital Floor consists of which 3 bones?

A

zygomatic, palatine, maxillary

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21
Q

4 types of orbital floor fx…

A

Inferior, Medial, Superior, lateral

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22
Q

Which type of orbital floor fx is MC?

A

Inferior (floor)

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23
Q

Which type of orbital floor fx?

orbital fat and/or inferior rectus prolapse into maxillary sinus

A

Inferior

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24
Q

Which type of orbital floor fx?

orbital fat and medial rectal prolapse into ethmoid air cells

A

Medial

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25
Q

Uncommon types of orbital floor fx…

A

superior/lateral

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26
Q

MC primary intraocular malignancy of childhood

Most dx before age 3

A

Retinoblastoma

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27
Q

2 types of retinoblastoma:

A

Non-heritable

heritable

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28
Q

Retinoblastoma is due to mutations in _____gene

A

RB1 gene

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29
Q

Which type of retinoblastoma may develop into bilateral retinoblastoma?

A

heritable

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30
Q

MC cause of permanent legal blindness and vision loss in older adults (75+ yo)

A

Macular Degeneration

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31
Q

2 types of Macular Degeneration

A

Dry (atrophic), Wet (neovascular/exudative)

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32
Q

Which type of macular degeneration is not as common, but more aggressive?

A

Wet (within months)

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33
Q

Which type of macular degeneration is MC type, and is progressive in nature?

A

Dry (over decades)

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34
Q

MC cause of new, permanent vision loss in 20-74 yo…

A

Diabetic Retinopathy

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35
Q

3 Types of diabetic retinopathy

A

nonproliferative, proliferative, maculopathy

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36
Q

Damage to the retinal blood vessels from longstanding high blood pressure…

A

hypertensive retinopathy

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37
Q

retinal detachment occurs when the retina separates from…

A

underlying retina pigment epithelium

38
Q

3 Types of Retinal Detachment

A

Rhegmatogenous
Tractional
Exudative/serous

39
Q

Which type of Retinal Detachment?

MC Type: full thickness tear

inner sensory layer detachment from choroid plexus

A

Rhegmatogenous

40
Q

Which type of Retinal Detachment?

adhesion separate retina from base

caused by: sickle cell, trauma, proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

Tractional

41
Q

Which type of Retinal Detachment?

fluid accumulates beneath retina causing detachment

caused by: HTN, CRVO, Papilledema

42
Q

Neonatal conjunctival infection contracted by newborns during delivery

A

ophthalmia neonatorum

43
Q

Day 1 cause of neonatal conjunctivitis:

A

chemical: silver nitrate

44
Q

Days 2-5 cause of neonatal conjunctivitis:

A

MC gonococcal

45
Q

Days 5-7 cause of neonatal conjunctivits

A

MC chlamydia trachomatis

46
Q

MC causative agent of adult bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph aureus

47
Q

Non Staph Aureus causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults (3)

A

Strep Pneumo, H. Flu, M. Catarrhalis

48
Q

2 STIs that can cause adult bacterial conjunctivitis

A

gonorrhea, chlamydia

49
Q

2 methods of transmission for bacterial conjunctivitis…

A

direct contact

autoinoculation

50
Q

MC cause of viral conjunctivitis…

A

adenovirus

51
Q

MC source of viral conjunctivitis during outbreaks…

A

swimming pools

52
Q

viral conjunctivitis is trasmitted via…

A

direct contact

53
Q

viral conjunctivitis is MC in…

54
Q

in allergic conjunctivitis, allergen contact in eye causes __________ degranulation to release _________

A

mast cell degranulation

release histamine

55
Q

What type of ocular chemical burn is worse, alkali or acidic?

56
Q

Which type of ocular chemical burn?

causes liquefactive necrosis

denatures proteins

causes thrombosis of vessels

A

alkali burn

57
Q

which type of ocular chemical burn?

causes coagulative necrosis

A

acid burns

58
Q

misalignment of one or both eyes

A

strabismus

59
Q

Convergent strabismus, deviation inward

60
Q

divergent strabismus, deviation outward

61
Q

stable ocular alignment not present until what age?

62
Q

Orbital cellulitis is often what type of infection?

A

Polymicrobial

63
Q

Orbital cellulitis is MC in what age group?

64
Q

Orbital cellulitis is MC as secondary infection after…

A

sinus infection (ethmoid sinus)

65
Q

Infection of fat and ocular muscles posterior to orbital septum…

A

orbital cellulitis

66
Q

infection of eyelid and periocular tissue anterior to orbital septum

A

preseptal/periorbital cellulitis

67
Q

Corneal ulceration and/or inflammation

may be sight-threatening

68
Q

What type of keratitis is increased in contact lens wearers?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

69
Q

3 MC agents of keratitis…

A

staph aureus, streptococci, pseudomonas

70
Q

Herpes keratitis occurs due to reactivation in the _________ ganglion.

Major cause of blindness in US

A

trigeminal ganglion

71
Q

inflammation of the iris or ciliary body

A

Anterior uveitis

72
Q

inflammation of the choroid

A

posterior uveitis

73
Q

3 etiologies of uveitis

A

systemic inflammatory/autoimmune disease

infection

trauma

74
Q

CMV, Toxoplasmosis, Syphilis can cause what eye infection?

75
Q

HLA-B27 spondyloarthropathies, sarcoidosis, IBD can cause what eye infection?

76
Q

lens opacification that is usually bilateral

77
Q

MC cause of blindness worldwide

78
Q

optic nerve swelling due to increased ICP

A

papilledema

79
Q

acute inflammatory demyelination of the opti nerve…

A

optic neuritis

80
Q

Increased intraocular pressure leading to damage of optic nerve

leading cause of preventable blindness in the US

A

acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

81
Q

decreased drainage of aqueous humor via trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm

A

acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

82
Q

slow, progressive, painless bilateral peripheral vision loss…

A

chronic/open angle glaucoma

83
Q

rapid, painful unilateral vision loss

A

acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma

84
Q

increased intraocular prssure due to reduced aqueous drainage through trabeculum

A

chronic/open angle glaucoma

85
Q

transient monocular vision loss lasting minutes with complete recover

A

amaurosis fugax

86
Q

transient blindness associated with retinal emboli or ischemia

A

amaurosis fugax

87
Q

amaurosis fugax can be seen with what conditions (5)

A 
TIA/Carotid Artery Disease
Giant Cell Arteritis
CRAO
Migraine
SLE
88
Q

Retinal artery thrombus/embolus

911

A

central retinal artery occlusion

89
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion is MC in what patient population?

A

MC 50-80 yo w. atherosclerotic disease

90
Q

MC etiology of CRAO

A

emboli from carotid artery atherosclerosis

91
Q

2nd MC cause of CRAO, but MC cause in young patients w/o atherosclerosis

A

cardiogenic emboli

92
Q

thrombus in retinal vein leading to backup of fluid in retina

A

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

EOR: Family Medicine (14 decks)

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