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Clinical Medicine > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjustment of the eye for various distances through modification of the lens curvature

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2
Q

Amsler grid

A

Set of charts with various geometric shapes in black and white, used for detecting defects of the central visual field

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3
Q

Anisocoria

A

Inequality of the diameter of the pupils; may be normal or congenital
Often normal if inequality is within 1 mm

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4
Q

Aphakia

A

Condition in which part or all of the crystalline lens of eye is absent, usually because of surgical removal for treatment of cataracts

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5
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Watery transparent liquid containing trace albumin and small amounts of salts produced by iris, ciliary body, and cornea
Circulates through anterior and posterior chambers of eye

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6
Q

Astigmatism

A

Abnormal condition in which the light rays cannot be focused clearly in a point on the retina because of an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

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7
Q

Cataracts

A

Opacity of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging

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8
Q

Chalazion

A

Small, hard tumor analogous to sebaceous cyst developing on the eye lids, formed by the distention of a meibomian gland with secretion

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9
Q

Choroid

A

Middle vascular tunic of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera
Dark brown vascular coat of teh eye between teh sclera and retina, extending from ora serrata to optic nerve
Consists of blood vessels united by connective tissue containing pigmented cells and is made up of five layers

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10
Q

Ciliary body

A

Thickened part of the vascular tunic of the eye that joins the iris with the anterior portion of the choroid
Consists of three zones: ciliary disk, ciliary crown, and ciliary muscle

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11
Q

Cones

A

Photosensitive, outward-directed, conical process of a cone cell essential for sharp vision and color vision
Cones are the only photoreceptor in the fovea centralis and become interspersed with increasing numbers of rods toward the periphery of the retina

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12
Q

Confrontation

A

Test for estimating peripheral vision

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13
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the posterior surface of the lids

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14
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infectious agents or by allergies; commonly called pinkeye

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15
Q

Cornea

A

Clear, transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye comprising about one sixth of its surface
It is the chief refractory structure of the eye

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16
Q

Corneal arcus

A

Opaque, white ring about corneal periphery, seen in many individuals older than 60 years of age
Due to deposit of lipids in the cornea or to hyaline degeneration
May indicate a lipid disorder, most commonly type II hyperlipidemia if present before the 40 years of age ( if it is seen in younger people, it is called arcus juvenilis)

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17
Q

Cotton wool spot

A

An ill-defined yellow area due to infarction of the nerve layer of the retina

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18
Q

Depth perception

A

Perception of spatial relationships; three dimensional perception
The visual ability to judge depth or distance

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19
Q

Diabetic retinopathy (background)

A

Condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates

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20
Q

Diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)

A

Condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation
Vessels grow out of retina toward the vitreous humor

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21
Q

Diopter

A

Refractive power of the lens with focal distance of 1 meter, used as a unit of measurement in refraction

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22
Q

Diplopia

A

Condition in which a single object is perceived as two objects (double vision)

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23
Q

Drusen

A

Tiny yellow or white deposits in the retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head

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24
Q

Ectropion

A

Eversion (outward rolling) of an edge or margin; as the edge of the eyelid

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25
Episcleritis
Inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera located in front of the insertion of the rectus muscle
26
Entropion
Inversion (inward rolling) of an edge or margin; especially the margin of the lower eyelid
27
Exophthalmos
Increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward; may be bilateral or unilateral The most common cause of bilateral is Graves' disease (thyroid disease), but when unilateral protrusion is noted a retro-orbital tumor must be suspected
28
Farsightedness
Error of refraction in which, with accommodation completely relaxed, parallel rays come to focus behind the retina
29
Glaucoma
Disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing increased cupping appearance of the optic nerve An abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye resulting from obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor Produces defects in the visual field and may result in blindness
30
Hemianopia
Blindness for half the field of vision in one or both eyes
31
Hordeolum (Sty)
Suppurative inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid
32
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are focused behind the retina
33
Hypertelorism
Eyes spaced widely apart
34
Hyphema
Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in front of the iris
35
Iris
Colored contractile membrane suspended between the lens and cornea in the aqueous humor of the eye, separating the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball and perforated in the center by the pupil By contraction and dilation it regulates the entrance of light
36
Iritis
Inflammation of the iris
37
Legal blindness
In the U.S., a person is usually considered legally blind when vision in the better eye, corrected by glasses, is 20/200 or less, or in the case of a constricted field of vision: 20 degrees or less in the better eye
38
Macula (Fovea)
Site of central vision
39
Mydriasis
Pupil dilation
40
Miosis
Abnormal contraction of pupils
41
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Condition resulting from a refractive error in which light rays entering the eye are brought into focus in front of the retina
42
Night blindness
Decreased ability to see in reduced illumination Seen in patients with impaired rod function Often associated with deficiency of vitamin A
43
Nystagmus
Involuntary rhythmic movements of the eyes | Oscillations may be horizontal, vertical, rotary, or mixed
44
Papilledema
Edema of the optic disc resulting in loss of definition of the disc margin; cause is often increased intracranial pressure
45
Peripheral vision
Vision resulting from retinal stimulation beyond the macula
46
Pinguecula
Harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva on either side of the iris that stops at the limbus
47
Presbyopia
Hyperopia (farsightendness) and impaired near vision from loss of lens elasticity, generally developing during middle age
48
Pterygium
Triangular (patch like) thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly to the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side, and may cover a portion of the corneaPunctum
49
Ptosis
Drooping of one or both upper eyelids
50
Punctum
Tiny aperture (opening) in the margin of each eyelid that opens to the lacrimal duct
51
Red reflex
Response caused by light illuminating the retina
52
Refraction
Act of determining the nature and degree of the refractive errors in the eye and correction of them by lenses
53
Retina
Sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve
54
Retinitis pigmentosa
Chronic progressive disease, which may occur in childhood, characterized by degeneration of the retinal neuroepithelium
55
Retinoblastoma
Embryonic malignant glioma arising from the retina usually during the first two years of life Initial diagnostic finding is usually a yellowish or white light reflex seen at the pupil (Cat's eye reflex)
56
Rods
Photosensitive, outward-directed process of a rhodopsin-containing rod cell in the external granular layer of the retina Many millions of such rods, together with the cones, form the photoreceptive layer of rods and cones
57
Sclera
Tough, white fibrous tissue which covers the so-called white of the eye; extends from the optic nerve to the cornea
58
Scleritis
Superficial and deep inflammation of the sclera
59
Strabismus
Condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously; however, either eye can focus independently
60
Uveitis
Inflammation of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, or the entire uvea
61
Vitreous body
Transparent jellylike substance that fills the cavity of the eyeball, enclosed by the hyaloid membrane; it is composed of a delicate network (vitreous stroma) enclosing in its meshes a watery fluid (vitreous humor)
62
Xanthelasma
Elevated plague commonly found on the nasal portion of the eyelid due to elevated cholesterol

Clinical Medicine (14 decks)

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