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organs of special senses and endocrine systems > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

describe how the optic cup is formed

A

neural tube develops into optic vessel
contacts the overlying ectoderm forming the lens placode
ectoderm folds inwards becoming double walled optic cup

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2
Q

how are lens vesicles get produced and for what function

A

folded inwards and pinched off lens placode
induce ectoderm to become lens cornea

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3
Q

what is the optic nerve developed from

A

optic stalk

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4
Q

what do the layers of the optic cup develop into

A

inner to neural retina
outer to pigmented retina

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5
Q

what role does the mesenchyme have in eye development

A

surround optic cup
forms 2 layers above retina

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6
Q

name the tunica layers of the eye

A

outer fibrous tunic
middle vascular tunic
inner nervous tunic

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7
Q

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic

A

Sclera
Cornea

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8
Q

What structural components make up the fibrous tunic

A

Dense collagen tissue

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9
Q

What structures make up the vascular tunic

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

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10
Q

What makes up the nervous tunic

A

Retina

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11
Q

Describe the cornea

A

Transparent to allow light to enter

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12
Q

What is the epithelial layer of the cornea

A

Have surface squamous epithelium (conjunctiva)

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13
Q

What is the sclera

A

Posterior part of eye

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14
Q

Where is the sclera made of

A

Fibrous connective tissue and elastic fibres

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15
Q

What is the function of the sclera

A

Protect internal structures and maintain eye shape

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16
Q

What muscles insert onto the sclera

A

Extra-ocular muscles

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17
Q

What are the layers of the cornea

A

Epithelium (conjunctiva)
Stroma
Endothelium

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18
Q

What is the choroid

A

Vascular lining at the back of the eye

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19
Q

What is the function of the choroid

A

Nourishes the retina

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20
Q

What vascularised the choroid

A

Ophthalmic artery

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21
Q

What is the function of the tapetum lucidum and where is it found

A

Reflect light back to retina for night vision
(Found in the choroid)

22
Q

Where do the sclera and cornea meet

A

Corneal-scleral junction

23
Q

Where is the ciliary body found

A

Between choroid and iris (from of eye)
And at the corneal-scleral junction

24
Q

How does the lens change shape

A

Ciliary muscle contraction + relaxation

25
Q

Where is the function of suspensory ligaments

A

Hold ciliary muscles to the lens

26
Q

What Is the function of ciliary epithelium

A

Secrete aqueous fluid that circulates anterior and posterior chamber of the eye

27
Q

What happens if aqueous fluid in eye doesn’t get absorbed

A

Glaucoma (high pressure in eye can lead to damage)

28
Q

What makes up the iris

A

Smooth muscle
Collagen fibres
Pigment cells

29
Q

What is the function of the pupil

A

Controls amount of light entering eye

30
Q

What type of smooth muscle is found in the iris and what are their functions

A

Circular
Radial
Constrict of dilate the pupil to control amount of light entering eye

31
Q

What is the function of the retina

A

Convert light to nerve signals

32
Q

What are the layers of the retina

A

Neural layer
Pigmented layer

33
Q

What is is the function of the pigmented layer

A

Dark so stops light from bouncing around the eye

34
Q

Name the photoreceptor cells and their functions

A

Rods: for low light vision and black and white
Cones: for bright light and colour vision

35
Q

How do signals from photoreceptor cells get to the brain

A

Through retinal sublayers to ganglions.
These axons converge to form optic nerve

36
Q

Name the 3 chambers of the eyes

A

Anterior
Posterior
Vitreous

37
Q

What is the function of vitreous humour

A

Maintains shape of the eyeball and provide nutrients to structures

38
Q

Where does the eye sit in the skull

A

Bony orbit

39
Q

What is forward facing vision called

A

Binocular

40
Q

What is side facing vision called

A

Monocular

41
Q

How does the eye move up, down, left, right

A

4x recuts muscles

42
Q

How does the eye move around its axis

A

2x oblique muscles

43
Q

How does the eyeball retract and what is the purpose

A

Retractor bulbi
Protects eye (found in predators)

44
Q

What are the functions of the eyelids

A

Protects cornea
Keeps eye moist

45
Q

What is the nicitating membrane
When can it be seen

A

3rd eyelid (in cats and dogs)
When eyeball retracts

46
Q

What is the function of the tear film

A

Nourishes cornea
Keeps eyelid moist

47
Q

Which gland nourishes the cornea (produce tears)

A

Lacrimal gland

48
Q

Where do tears drain into

A

Nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

What nourishes the retina in birds and why

A

Pectern

50
Q

How are bird eye vascularisation different and why is it essential

A

Less vascularisation, so doesn’t block light entering the retina (unlike humans)

51
Q

What do snakes have to protect the eye

A

Spectacle (transparent)
(Is what leads to eye caps in dysecdysis)

organs of special senses and endocrine systems (16 decks)

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