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126 > EYE > Flashcards

EYE Flashcards

1
Q

function of eye

A

-focus light rays on rods and cones

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2
Q

structures in the anterior chamber of the eye

A
  • aqueous humor
  • ciliary body
  • canal of schlemn
  • cornea
  • lens
  • pupil
  • iris
  • conjunctiva
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3
Q

3 layers of the eye are (from innermost to outermost)

A
  • retina
  • choroid
  • sclera
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4
Q

aqueous humour location

A

-front of lens

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5
Q

aqueous humour structure

A

-protein like

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6
Q

how often is the aqueous humour drained, made and recycled

A

5x a day

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7
Q

where is aqueous humor drained from?

A

canal of schlemn

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8
Q

where is aqueous humor produced?

A

ciliary body

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9
Q

function of aqueous humor

A

carry nutrients for cornea and lens

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10
Q

glaucoma

A
  • no drainage of aq humor and the optic nerve is harmed and loses capability to send messages to the brain and BLINDNESS
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11
Q

how do you correct glaucoma

A
  • surgery

- daily intake of meds

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12
Q

which structure is the anterior extension of the sclera and is transparent

A

cornea

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13
Q

what structure divides the 2 fluid filled cavities

A

lens

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14
Q

function of lens

A

-projects light onto the retina (upside down)

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15
Q

what makes the lens translucent

A

-apoptosis during fetal development

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16
Q

iris function

A

vary size of pupil which determines how much light can get in (not all the light reaches through)

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17
Q

which is the pigment part of the eye

A

the iris

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18
Q

which structure in the anterior chamber s the furthest from the aq humor

A

iris

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19
Q

pupil is the structure where

A

light enters and can be adjusted by contracting iris muscles

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20
Q

which mucous membrane covers the entire eye

A

conjunctiva

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21
Q

bacteria + conjunctiva =

A

a lot of puss

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22
Q

virus + conjunctiva =

A
  • less puss
  • can go undetected
  • aka conjunctivitis (pink eye)
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23
Q

structures in the posterior eye

A
  • vitreous humor
  • sclera
  • choroid layer
  • retina
  • optic nerve
  • fovea
  • macula lutea
  • optic discs
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24
Q

vitreous humor structure

A
  • covered by sclera

- gel-like

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25
Q

vitreous humor function

A
  • protect eye

- maintain shape and structure

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26
Q

choroid layer function

A
  • anteriorly from the ciliary body and iris

- prevents scattering of light rays in eyes

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27
Q

what layers of the eye has bv tat nourish the retina

A

-choroid layer

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28
Q

what eye layer make sup the white part of the eye

A

-sclera

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29
Q

function of retina

A

has photoreceptors

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30
Q

optic nerve function

A

-takes visual pathways to the brain

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31
Q

which region of the has the sharpest vision with the greatest acuity ?

A

fovea

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32
Q

does fovea have rods or cones or both

A

CONES ONLY, + highest concentration of cones

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33
Q

where is the macula lutea located

A

fovea

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34
Q

what is the macula lutea

A

flap of ct that surrounds fovea

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35
Q

macula degeneration is aka

A

donut vision

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36
Q

what happens in macula degeneration

A

-degeneration of sharpest vison, losing photoreceptors
-peripheral vision only
BLINDNESS

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37
Q

what eye structure forms the blindspot

A

optic discs

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38
Q

which structure in the eye has no rods and cones

A

optic discs

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39
Q

function of optic discs

A

-full of bvs which the optic nerve leaves through

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40
Q

accommodation meaning

A

-changing the strength and shape of lens wit the help of suspensory ligaments

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41
Q

when are the suspensory ligaments stretched to the max, taut and tight

A

sympathetic stimulation of ciliary muscles

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42
Q

when is the lens flat and why

A

sympathetic stimulation and for far vision

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43
Q

when are the ciliary muscles relaxed

A

sympathetic stimulation

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44
Q

what happens to the suspensory ligaments during parasympathetic stimulation

A

they are relaxed and weakened

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45
Q

what happens to the lens during parasympathetic stimulation

A

they are rounded

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46
Q

when do we need round lens

A

for near vision

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47
Q

CN 3 nerve aka

A

oculomotor nerve

48
Q

function of cn 3

A

-change lens shape, pupil muscles, and ciliary muscles

49
Q

which CN is the trochlear nerve

A

cn 4

50
Q

function of the cn4, trochlear nerve

A

-movement of extrinsic eye muscles

51
Q

cn 5 aka

A

trigeminal nerve

52
Q

which nerve is responsible for sensory info for the head and the neck

A

CN5, trigeminal nerve

53
Q

which nerve controls extrinsic muscles of the eye

A
  • cn 6, Abducens

- cn4, trochlear

54
Q

cn 7 aka

A

facial nerve

55
Q

which nerve releases and produces tears

A

cn 7, facial nerve

56
Q

hyperopia aka

A

far - sightedness

57
Q

when is the focus behind the retina

A

-hyperopia

58
Q

how can hyperopia be corrected

A

convex lenses

59
Q

what is near sightless referred to as

A

myopia

60
Q

where does the focal point land in myopia

A

in front of retina

61
Q

how can myopia be fixed

A

concave lens

62
Q

which seeing problem is the most common

A

-myopia

63
Q

what is the shape of the eye ball in myopia

A

too long

64
Q

the lens is too strong in which seeing problem

A

myopia

65
Q

what causes prebysopia

A

old age

66
Q

what happens in prebysopia

A
  • lens start to call out
  • lose elasticity
  • can accommodate for near vision
67
Q

what condition is fixed with reading glasses

A

prebysopia

68
Q

when is the eyeball too short and the lens is too weak

A

hyperopia

69
Q

which eye structure is the extension of the CNS

A

retina

70
Q

retina contains

A

-modified neurones called rods and cones

71
Q

which photoreceptor is used for night vision

A

rods

72
Q

what colour do rods see in

A

-seeing in shades of grey

73
Q

which photoreceptor has low acuity and sensitive

A

rods

74
Q

location of rods

A

abundant in peripheral region

75
Q

what photoreceptor absorbs all wavelengths and can’t discriminate ?

A

rods

76
Q

cones are used for seeing in

A

the day

77
Q

what are the three colour the cones can see in

A

red, green, blue

78
Q

which colour has the Lowest wavelengths

A

blue

79
Q

which photoreceptor has high acuity

A

cones

80
Q

where are the highest amount of cones located

A

-centre of retina (fovea + macula lulea)

81
Q

Nighttime blindness is caused by the deficiency of

A

Vit A

82
Q

what’s happens with night blindness

A
  • no transduction

- reduced # of rods

83
Q

what time of the day can one see With night blindness

A
  • during the day
84
Q

which condition is a result of missing or malfunctioning red and green cones

A

colour blindness

85
Q

opsin structure

A

outer covering, disc membrane

86
Q

retinal is a

A

vit A derivatve

87
Q

function of retinal

A

-light absorbing part of photopigment

88
Q

photopigments def

A

set that undergoes chemical alterations when activated by light

89
Q

which segment of a photoreceptor is faces the chord layer and contacts rods and cones that can detect light stimulus

A

outer segment

90
Q

what does the inner segment of a photoreceptor contain

A

-metabolic parts of a cell

91
Q

outermost layer of the retina is the closet to

A

the choriod layer

92
Q

which layer of the retina contains photoreceptors

A

-outermost layer

93
Q

where are bipolar cells found in the Retina layers

A

middle player

94
Q

which eye cells display graded potential

A

bipolar cells

95
Q

which cells are found in the inner layer of the retina

A

ganglion cells

96
Q

ganglion cells function

A

-form ap and transmit info to brain

97
Q

which cells unite to form the optic nerve (CN2)

A

ganglion cells

98
Q

synaptic terminal location

A

closest to eyes interior

faces bi-polar cells

99
Q

synaptic terminal function

A
  • transmits small graded potential

- release neurotransmitters

100
Q

when is the concentration of cGMP high

A

retina in the dark

101
Q

what controls and the opening and closing of Na+ channels

A

concentration of cGMP

102
Q

how is darkness perceived?

A

depolarization occurs, inhibitory neurotransmitter is released

103
Q

when is transducin excited

A

-when Retinal leaves opsin when light hits the retina

104
Q

what is activated when light hits the retina

A

phosphodiesterase

105
Q

what happens to the cGMP concentration and Na+ when light hits the retina

A
  • Na+ channels close

- decreased concentration of cGMP

106
Q

what occurs when light hits the Retina

A
  • inhibitory neurotransmitter is not released
  • hyperpolarization
  • graded potential
  • ganglion cells produce ap which goes to the occitpal lobes
  • light is perceived
107
Q

visual pathway

A

optic nerve -> optic chaism -> optic tract -> lateral geniculate body -> optic radiation

108
Q

where is visual info crossed

A

optic chaism

109
Q

what takes the info to the thalamus

A

optic tract

110
Q

lateral geniculate body location

A

thalamus

111
Q

which structure is in the visual cortex

A

optic radiation

112
Q

which cells allow lateral inhibition

A

ganglion cells

113
Q

which type of ganglion is responsible for enhancing image

A

on - centre

114
Q

in which gangion cell does depolarization occur

A

on-centre

115
Q

what does the off centre ganglion cell allow

A

periphery vision

116
Q

which ganglion cell inhibits the cells

A

off- centre

126 (9 decks)

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