chpt 5: pns+afferent sys

Question 1

perception

Answer 1

-creating smt in your brain with no conscience effort using neural networks

Question 2

modality

Answer 2

different energy forms

Question 3

sensory transduction

Answer 3

converting energy into useful energy

Question 4

receptor adaption can be

Answer 4

tonic or phasic

Question 5

which reception adaption is slow

Answer 5

tonic

Question 6

which reception adaption has stretch receptors

Answer 6

tonic

Question 7

which reception adaption manages propioception and allows standing

Answer 7

tonic

Question 8

phasic reception adaption function

Answer 8

-rapid adaption that doesn’t cause harm

Question 9

which reception adaption has a small hyper polarization after the stimulus is gone and why does it occur

Answer 9

phasic and when there is change in sensations

Question 10

reception potential location

Answer 10

in a specialized afferent ending

Question 11

greater the stimulus means

Answer 11

more frequency of the action potential

Question 12

where is ap generated in an afferent neuron?

Answer 12

receptor site

Question 13

which potential has a graded potential before an ap ?

Answer 13

generator potential

Question 14

generator potential location

Answer 14

in a separate receptor cell

Question 15

in which potential do the Ca 2+ channels open?

Answer 15

generator potential

Question 16

where does the small graded potential occur in a generator reception?

Answer 16

between a separate receptor cell and an afferent neuron

Question 17

labelled line meaning

Answer 17

-sequential chain that processes sensory info

Question 18

labelled line neurons

Answer 18

• first order sensory neuron
• second orde sensory neuron
• third order sensory neuron

Question 19

first order sensory terminating location

Answer 19

CNS

Question 20

second order sensory terminating location

Answer 20

thalamus

Question 21

third order sensory terminating location

Answer 21

takes info to the higher cortex if needed

Question 22

what happens in the first order sensory neuron

Answer 22

-afferent neuron detects stimulus

Question 23

touch receptors aka

Answer 23

-mechanoreceptors

Question 24

free nerve ending location in skin

Answer 24

superficial

Question 25

which mechanoreceptors is the most abundant

Answer 25

free nerve ending

Question 26

free nerve ending location

Answer 26

-hair root

Question 27

what mechanoreceptors responds to all stimulus

Answer 27

free nerve ending

Question 28

which mechanoreceptors are known as touch domes

Answer 28

merkels discs

Question 29

which mechanoreceptors are superficial

Answer 29

- free nerve ending | - merkels discs

Question 30

which mechanoreceptor is abundant on fingertips and mammary glands

Answer 30

merkel discs

Question 31

which mechanoreceptors is responsible for reflex action

Answer 31

merkel discs

Question 32

which mechanoreceptors are deep in the skin

Answer 32

- ruffins corpuscles - meissners corpuscles - pacinia corpuscles

Question 33

what does the ruffini corpuses respond to

Answer 33

- stretch - deformation - torque

Question 34

where is the ruffini corpuses located

Answer 34

-joint

Question 35

what do the ruffini corpuscles respond to

Answer 35

- cutting | - stitching skin

Question 36

which mechanoreceptors is slow adapting and myelinated

Answer 36

ruffini corpuscles

Question 37

which mechanoreceptors is activated by fluttering or stroking movements ?

Answer 37

meissners corpuscles

Question 38

where are miessners circles located ?

Answer 38

- lips - fingers - nipples - gentalia

Question 39

which mechanoreceptors is phasic, tactile, myelinated mechanoreceptors

Answer 39

meissners corpuscles

Question 40

which mechanoreceptor is the deepest in the skin?

Answer 40

pacinina corpuscles

Question 41

what does the pacinina corpuscles respond to ?

Answer 41

- deep pressure | - vibration

Question 42

which is the biggest mechanoreceptor

Answer 42

pacininia corpuscles

Question 43

Pain is aka

Answer 43

nociception

Question 44

fast pain neuron info

Answer 44

- bigger diameter - small - myelinated

Question 45

what are small fast myelinated fibres aka

Answer 45

a-delta fibers

Question 46

what type of pain is sharp, stabbing, acute

Answer 46

fast pain

Question 47

slow pain neuron info

Answer 47

- small - umyleinated - smaller diameter

Question 48

what happens when someone experiences slow pain?

Answer 48

their pain is - dull - aching - throbbing - burning

Question 49

types of pain

Answer 49

- somatic pain - refered/ visceral pain - neuropathic pain - phantom

Question 50

where/when is somatic pain experienced

Answer 50

- working out | - muscles pain

Question 51

which type of pain doesn't need a lot o intervention

Answer 51

somatic pain

Question 52

where does the referral/ visceral pain originate ?

Answer 52

-in organs

Question 53

which type of pain is felt in a different spot then its origin point

Answer 53

referral/ visceral pain

Question 54

where is heart pain dominantly felt

Answer 54

left arm

Question 55

where is liver pain dominantly felt

Answer 55

scapula/ back

Question 56

which type of pain is referred to as chronic pain

Answer 56

-neuropathic pain

Question 57

which type of pain starts addictions

Answer 57

neuropathic pain

Question 58

what is an example of neuropathic pain

Answer 58

fibromyalgia

Question 59

explain phantom pain

Answer 59

- feeling pain after a limb has been chopped off | - cut off regions form neuromas that randomly cause pain

Question 60

substance P and glutamate function

Answer 60

-bring about the perception of pain

Question 61

what does substance P and glutamate excite

Answer 61

-dorsal horn in spc

Question 62

what system becomes involved for modulation/ alertness of pain?

Answer 62

RAS

Question 63

what is the major excitatory pain pathway ?

Answer 63

glutamate

Question 64

which receptor causes glutamate to react the same substance P

Answer 64

AMPA receptor

Question 65

what happens when glutamate binds with NMDA receptors

Answer 65

- causes hyper excitability - Ca2+ influx - 2nd messenger system

Question 66

what receptor is present in wounds

Answer 66

NMDA

Question 67

what does hyper excitability cause

Answer 67

light touch can be painful

Question 68

what does 2nd messenger system do

Answer 68

-make neuron more excited the usual

Question 69

function of the analgesic system

Answer 69

- suppresses transmission in pain pathways | - releases endogenous opiates

Question 70

what stops the releases of substance P and glutamate

Answer 70

analgesic system and opioids

Question 71

what does the analgesic system depend on

Answer 71

-presence of opiate receptors

Question 72

what are endorphins triggered by

Answer 72

-exercise

Question 73

what happens when endorphins are related during a run

Answer 73

- boost | - block muscles pain

Question 74

function of opioids

Answer 74

block pain

Question 75

endogenous opiates functions

Answer 75

- controls emotional state - eating and drinking behaviours - controls caridovasCULAR system (BP)

Question 76

examples of endogenous opiates

Answer 76

- endorphins - enkephalins - neurotransmitters

Question 77

what serves as analgesic neurotransmitters

Answer 77

endogenous opiates

Question 78

how do endogenous opiates block pain?

Answer 78

-bind with opiate receptors on the afferent fiber and so it prevents the release of substance p and glutamate