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126 > chpt 8: muscular physiology > Flashcards

chpt 8: muscular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

contract meaning

A

muscles can develop tension and shorten

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2
Q

which muscle is voluntary + striated

A

skeletal

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3
Q

which muscle is involuntary + striated

A

cardiac

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4
Q

which muscle is involuntary + unstraited

A

smooth

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5
Q

muscle covering

A
  • epimysium
  • perimysium
  • endomysium
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6
Q

epimysium covers

A

the whole muscle

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7
Q

what muscle covering covers the muscle bundles/ fascicles

A

perimysium

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8
Q

endomysium covers

A

individual muscle fibers/ cells

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9
Q

interaction between acting and myosin that bring abt muscle contraction by means of sliding filament mechanism is known as

A

forming cross bridges

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10
Q

what is extended from thick filament in 6 directions towards the thin filament

A

cross bridges / myosin heads

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11
Q

when does cross bridge change shape causing the act to move inwards

A

powers stroke

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12
Q

twitch summation is similar to

A

temporal summation

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13
Q

why is twitch summation possible

A
  • if a muscle fiber is restimulated before it has completely relaxed
  • second ap comes in before rest p is achieved , summation occurs
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14
Q

sustained elevation of cytosolic calcium causes

A

twitch summation

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15
Q

when occurs if the muscle is stimulated so rapidly it does have a chance to relax between stimuli

A

tetanus/ muscle contraction

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16
Q

how much longer is tetanus than twitch summation

A

3-4x

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17
Q

excitation-contraction coupling is

A

series of events linking muscle excitation to muscle contraction

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18
Q

when does muscle excitation occur

A

in the presence of ap

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19
Q

sliding filament mechanism results in

A

muscle contraction

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20
Q

what is dynamic contraction

A
  • muscle shortens to accommodate to change of length of muscle and joint by the force exerted
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21
Q

what type of contractions occurs when there is no change in body position cuz the load is too heavy and produces an increase in muscle tension

A

static contraction

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22
Q

what muscle makes up the muscular sys

A

skeletal muscle

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23
Q

what is skeletal muscle innervated by

A

alpha motor neurons

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24
Q

muscle fiber aka myofibril =

A

muscle cell / contractile

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25
Q

what is the contractile element of muscle fiber

A

myofibril

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26
Q

sarcolemma is the

A

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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27
Q

number of nucleus and mitochondria in muscle fiber

A

numerous

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28
Q

muscle fiber organelle that has lateral sacs called terminal cisternae is

A

SR

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29
Q

what stores Ca in muscles fibers

A

lateral sacs called terminal cisternae

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30
Q

t tubule structure

A

dips in sarcolemma at junctions of A and I bands

surrounds SR

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31
Q

what structure causes the release of Ca

A

t tubule

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32
Q

contractile proteins

A
  • myosin

- actin

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33
Q

tropomyosin and troponin make up

A
  • regulatory proteins
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34
Q

accessory proteins are

A
  • titin

- nebulin

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35
Q

what is the motor protein whose function is action-based motility

A

myosin

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36
Q

what do the two regions of the head of myosin bind to

A

actin and atp

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37
Q

what contractile protein is the component of thick filament

A

myosin

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38
Q

actin has

A

myosin binding sites

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39
Q

actin, troponin and tropomyosin make up

A

thin filament

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40
Q

which thread-like regulatory protein blocks myosin-binding sites on actin molecule

A

tropomyosin

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41
Q

what can bind to troponin

A
  • tropomyosin
  • Ca
  • actin
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42
Q

function of troponin

A
  • binds to actin
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43
Q

which molecule is found every 7 molecules

A
  • troponin
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44
Q

function of troponin when its not binded with ca

A

stabilize tropomyosin

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45
Q

what protein is the largest and made of 30k aminio acids

A

titin

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46
Q

location of titin

A

run through myosin

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47
Q

which accessory protein is responsible for stabilizing myosin and muscle elasticity

A

titin

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48
Q

function of nebulin

A

stabilize actin

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49
Q

structures of muscle fiber

A
  • sacomere
  • a band
  • i band
  • z line
  • m line
  • h zone
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50
Q

sarcomere structure

A

b/w 2 z lines

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51
Q

sarcomere function

A

1 unit of contraction, function unit

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52
Q

how does one grow

A

adding more sarcomeres

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53
Q

m line function

A

myosin emerges from here/ is help in place

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54
Q

what is found at the H zone

A

myosin only

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55
Q

the function of a and i bands

A

give striated apperance

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56
Q

what zone has actin and myosin

A

a band

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57
Q

what band has actin only

A

I band

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58
Q

function of z line

A

cover enter length of sarcomere
- contain actin
mark ends of sarcomere

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59
Q

what happens when there is a defective protein holding the z line

A

muscular dystrophy

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60
Q

what causes muscles contractions

A
  • NMJ (ACh) / execution of ap

- Ca2+ influx

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61
Q

DHP receptors (voltage gated) belong to

A

T tubules

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62
Q

what causes the release of Ca from SR

A

spread of AP down a T tubule

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63
Q

what causes Ca2+ influx

A
  • released when ACh binds to enter muscle and triggers ap which causes releases Ca2+
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64
Q

process of muscle contraction

A
  • ca2+ binds to troponin
  • troponin removes tropomyosin from actin
  • actin = free to bind to myosin
  • forms cross bridge
  • pulls sarcomere towards m lines
  • sarcomeres shorten
  • MUSCLE CONTRACTION
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65
Q

how does the sliding filament aka contractile process start

A

starts w an increase in Ca2+

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66
Q

z lines during contraction

A

closerer together so sarcomere = short

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67
Q

h and I zone in lenght during contraction

A

short

68
Q

what remains the same during filament aka contractile process

A

m line and a band

69
Q

main function of filament aka contractile process

A

pulls sarcomere and actin inward

70
Q

does myosin move during contraction

A

no

71
Q

role of atp during contraction

A
  • binds to myosin

- creates a power stroke

72
Q

when and where does atp break into adp + p1

A

breaks down on myosin cross bridge before actin links

73
Q

what is released DURING power stroke

A

Pi

74
Q

when is ADP released

A

AFTER powerstroke

75
Q

what signals new atp and release of actin and myosin

A

release of ADP/ sliding filament/shortening of sarcomere

76
Q

waht happens when all the Ca2+ leaves the cell and ACh breaks down

A

relaxation

77
Q

how does rigor mortis occur

A

metabolism stops, no atp is produced, Ca2+ can tgp back, myosin heads are stuck `

78
Q

what is there an increase of during rigor mortis

A
  • adp, lactic acid and K
79
Q

muscle/ peripheral fatigue

A
  • prevents muscles from reaching a point where atp cant be produced
  • muscle is calming down
80
Q

what is it called when the CNS no longer adequately activates motor neurons

A
  • central fatigue
81
Q

what is neuromuscular fatigue

A
  • an inability of active motor neurons to synthesize Ach fast enough to sustain ap
82
Q

brief, weak contraction that is a single ap is called

A

a twitch

83
Q

a twitch is used in

A

motor unit

84
Q

what causes infectious tetanus

A
  • bacteria called clostridium tetanus which inhibits GABA
85
Q

what attacks NMJ and causes muscle spasm

A

infectious tetanus

86
Q

what organ works before optimal length

A

heart

87
Q

optimal length is the and why

A

the best place for a contraction to occur , has many cross bridges

88
Q

what happens when the muscle is stretched to the max

A
  • contraction cant occur

- decreased tenison

89
Q

when do we have a decrease Ca release and less tension

A

muscle is short

90
Q

types of isotonic contraction

A
  • concentric contraction

- eccentric contraction

91
Q

what kind of contraction is it when there is a creation of tension/ muscle movement and a load is being moved

A
  • isotonic contraction
92
Q

when is the force produced the same

A

isotonic contraction

93
Q

concentric contraction is

A

dynamic produces tension during shortening

- moving a load towards centre of body

94
Q

what is a normal contraction

A

concentric contraction

95
Q

what contraction is dynamic and produces tension while lengthening

A

eccentric contraction

96
Q

which contraction is slow and can cause injury

A

eccentric contraction

97
Q

what contraction is off-centered/ moving away from the body

A

eccentric contraction

98
Q

isometric contraction is

A
  • length is unchanged, no motion

- static

99
Q

yoga and planking / creating force that doesnt move a load in an example of

A

isometric contraction

100
Q

energy sources of contraction

A
  • glucose/ cell resp
  • creatinine phosphate
  • fatty acids
  • oxidative phosphorylation (citric acid + etc)
  • glycolytic
101
Q

significance of creatine phosphate in energy sources of contraction

A
  • gives phosphate to adp

- makes people stronger

102
Q

how do you convert fatty acids into energy

A
  • working out

- using O2 + fatty acids in ETC

103
Q

which energy source produces 36 atp

A

oxidative

104
Q

where is myoglobin, mitochondria, O2 and bv abundant

A

oxidative

105
Q

myoglobin function

A
  • bind to O2

- dark aka red fibers

106
Q

which energy source production process causes more fatigue

A
  • glycolytic
107
Q

location of white fibers (less bv and O2) + mitocondra

A

glycolytic

108
Q

how many atp does glycolytic/ glycoysis produce

A

2

109
Q

muscles fibers are based off of

A

energy sources

110
Q

which type of twitch is used daily for posture and walking

A

slow- oxidative (type 1)

111
Q

what neuron innverates slow- oxidative (type 1)

A

a2 motor neurons

112
Q

slow- oxidative (type 1) have ___ contractile cycles

A

less

113
Q

what type of twitch splits atp more and has more contractile cycles, and pump Ca2 back to SR faster

A

fast (tye 2)

114
Q

when is fast (tye 2) used

A
  • piano, violin
115
Q

a1 motor neruons innervate

A

fast (tye 2)

116
Q

which motor neurons are bigger

A

a1 motor neurons

117
Q

what muscle receptor is involved in stretch reflex

A

muscle spindle/ intra- fusal fiber

118
Q

larger muscle/ extra fusal fiber forms

A

NMJ

119
Q

location of muscle spindle/ intra- fusal fiber

A

within larger muscle/ extra fusal fiber

120
Q

what does the alpha motor neuron innervate/ trigger

A

larger muscle/ extra fusal fiber

121
Q

what efferent neuron innervates the muscle spindle/ intra- fusal fiber

A

gamma motor neuron

122
Q

gamma motor neuron function

A

make receptor work

123
Q

name of afferent neurons that terminate on muscle spindle/ intra- fusal fiber and make up muscle spindle receptors

A
  • primary (annulosprial) endings

- secondary (flower-spray) endings

124
Q

what are - primary (annulosprial) endings
- secondary (flower-spray) endings
activated by

A

stretch

125
Q

secondary (flower-spray) endings form the ___ end

A

contractile end

126
Q

which afferent neuron endings is noncontractile region

A
  • primary (annulosprial) endings
127
Q
  • primary (annulosprial) endings function
A

detect changes in the length of fibers and speed that it occurs at

128
Q

which ending is sensitive too ONLY changes in length

A

secondary (flower-spray) endings

129
Q

what allows muscle fibers to stretch

A

gamma motor neuron

130
Q

golgi tendon organ location

A

tendons of muscles

131
Q

golgi tendon organ

A
  • provides messages or force created about how much a muscle can endure
  • provides relfex but doesnt intiate
  • tells us when smt is heavy
  • protects muscles
132
Q

what tightens when extrafusal muscle contracts

A
  • CT
133
Q

what happens when the golgi tendon organ contract

A
  • afferent neuron fires
134
Q

what do smooth muscles lack

A
  • z line
  • sarcomeres
  • troponin
  • t tubules
135
Q

do smooth muscles have poorly developed SRs

A

yes

136
Q

where is Ca taken from in smooth muscles

A
  • mostly ECf

- and SR

137
Q

what anchors actin filaments in smooth muscles

A

dense body proteins

138
Q

the function of Ca + calmodulin in smooth muscle contraction

A

excite myosin light chain kinase

139
Q

what triggers atp to bind to myosin heads and excite myopsin to bind to actin forming a cross brigde

A

excited myosin light chain kinase

140
Q

what is the advantage of using smooth muscle contraction

A

uses less atp

141
Q

multiunit smooth muscles are

A

neurogenic

142
Q

structures located in smooth muscles

A
  • actin
  • myosin
  • tropomyosin
  • intermediate filament
143
Q

neurogenic meaning

A
  • neuron must excite each muscle
144
Q

location of varicosity bundles

A

on neurons

145
Q

varicosity function

A

contain neurotransmitters

146
Q

location of multiunit smooth muscles

A
  • ciliary muscles
  • iris
  • walls of large bv
147
Q

which type of smooth muscle is activated together through gap junctions therefore syncytium

A
  • single unit/ visceral smooth muscles
148
Q

meaning of syncytium

A

functioning electrically and mechanically as a unit

149
Q

which smooth muscle is self- excitable, slow and energy efficient

A

single unit/ visceral smooth muscles

150
Q

single unit/ visceral smooth muscles location

A

internal organs that push things

uterus

151
Q

slow wave electrical activity in smooth muscles meaning

A
  • come close to threshold then produce a bunch of aps
152
Q

what type of electrical activity in smooth muscles creates its own pace and only when its needed

A

pacemaker

153
Q

what structures do cardiac muscles have

A
  • z lines
  • myosin and actin
  • troponin and tropomyosin
  • large t tubles
  • SR
154
Q

what type of muscle has the most mitochondria, more energy and O2 needed

A
  • cardiac muscles
155
Q

what happens when theres no O2 in heart

A

blockage

156
Q

Ca2+ in cardiac muscle is

A
  • stored in SR

and is brought in from ecf

157
Q

loss of dopamine in basal nuclei occurs in

A

PD patiens

158
Q

symtoms of PD

A
  • resting tremors
  • reptile stare
  • difficult initiating natural movement
  • shuffling walk
  • stooped posture
159
Q

DMD cause

A

missing dystrophin in sarcomere

160
Q

how does one get DMD

A

genetics

161
Q

function dystrophin

A

connect z lines to sacrolemma

162
Q

gene therapy is the treatment for

A

DMD

163
Q

whos the most affected with DMD

A

young boys (2-5)

164
Q

what happens when one has DMD

A
  • effected muslces in hip girdle, trunk
  • wheel chair bound
  • death
  • muscles go through massive deformation during movement
165
Q

RAS controls

A

motor input/ movement coming from the brain stem

126 (9 decks)

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