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chpt 6: Flashcards

1
Q

what type of hormone is insulin

A

hydrophilic

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2
Q

large peptides like catecholamines (NE and E) are

A

hydrophilic

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3
Q

what secrets catecholamines (NE and E)

A

adrenal medulla

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4
Q

catecholamines (NE and E) are derived from

A

tyrosine (no iodine)

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5
Q

estrogen is an example of

A

steroid hormones

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6
Q

steroid hormones come from

A

cholesterol

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7
Q

the function of adrenal glands with steroid hormones

A

modify and turn them into sex hormones

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8
Q

examples of lipophilic hormones

A
  • steroid hormones
  • thyroid hormones
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9
Q

how are thyroid hormones formed

A

from tyrosine (iodinated)

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10
Q

what gland is a true endocrine gland

A
  • thyroid gland
  • adrenal cortex
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11
Q

the function of the thyroid gland

A

modifies tyrosine to form thyroid hormones

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12
Q

what is the method of circulation for hydrophilic hormones

A

50% free in the blood
50% bind to plasma proteins

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13
Q

what hormones binds to receptors ON plasma mem

A

hydrophilic

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14
Q

what mechanisms of actions of hydrophilic hormones

A
  • cAMP 2nd messenger sys
  • Ca 2nd messenger sys
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15
Q

where is the receptor for lipid hormones

A
  • in nuclei on DNA (HRE)
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16
Q

how do lipid hormones cause change

A

alter gene to produce new intracellular proteins

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17
Q

what type of hormones circulate bound to plasma proteins

A

lipophilic

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18
Q

which ANS is cAMP relevant

A

sympathetic system

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19
Q

the function of cAMP in the mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

A
  • amplify response
  • activate PKA
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20
Q

what converts atp to cAMP of cAMP in the mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

A

adenyly cyclase

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21
Q

function of G protein in cAMP in the mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

A

excite adenylyl cycylase

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22
Q

what modifies/ uses ATP to cause cellular change / response in AMP in the mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

A

PKA

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23
Q

overall function of cAMP in the mechanism of action of hydrophilic hormones

A

-alters the activity of intracellular proteins to produce desired effect
- change cell permeability

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24
Q

function of g protein in Ca 2nd messenger sys

A

activates phospholipase C

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25
Q

what breaks down PTP2 into IP3 and DAG

A

phospholipase C

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26
Q

function of IP3

A
  • moblize Ca that came from the ER, all over cell
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27
Q

what breaks down ATP in the IP3 2nd messanger sys

A

CaM kinase which was activated by Ca+ calmodulin

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28
Q

function of DAG

A
  • activates PKC which breaks down ATP to activate inactivated protein and produce cell response
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29
Q

does the endocrine sys regulate RBC production

A

yes

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30
Q

tropic hormones function

A

regulate hormone secretion by other endocrine glands

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31
Q

example of tropic hormone

A

TSH
FSH and LH
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH
GH

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32
Q

function of TSH

A
  • stimulates thyroid hormone secretion by thyroid
  • maintain structural integrity of thyroid
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33
Q

which hormones does the thyroid gland prdocue

A
  • thyroxine
  • triiodothyronine
  • calcitonin
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34
Q

which hormone is secrete by the stomach, hypothalamus and pancreas

A

somatosin

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35
Q

what hormone targets more than 1 tissue

A

oxytocin

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36
Q

when does the rate of secretion of a hormone vary

A

during menstrual cycle

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37
Q

what is so special about hepatocytes

A

they respond to more than 1 hormone; insulin and glucagon

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38
Q

which chemical messanger is capable of being a neurotransmitter and a hormone

A

NE

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39
Q

pancreas and gonads share what in common

A

they are endocrine organs that are not exclusively endocrine in function

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40
Q

what is the plasma concentration of each hormone controlled by

A

regulating rate of hormone secretion

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41
Q

factors influencing secretory output from another hormone

A
  • neural input and input from another hormone
  • rate of removal from blood by metabolic inactivation and excretion from urine
  • rate of metabolic activation or its extent of hormone binding to plasma proteins
  • rate of secretion into blood by gland
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42
Q
  • feedback main function
A

maintain the plasma concentration of a hormone at a given level

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43
Q

when is an action of hormone cause further release of hormones

A

+ fb system

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44
Q

neuroendocrine reflex function

A
  • produce a sudden increase in hormone secretion in response to a specific stimulus
  • when the hormone is in immediate need
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45
Q

do alterations in transport, metabolism and excretion influence hormone plasma concentrations

A

yes

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46
Q

how are hormones and their metabolic wastes removed from blood

A

by urination

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47
Q

how does the hormone plasma concentration decrease

A

transported out of blood

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48
Q

what determines how long hormones are active for

A
  • access to enzymes
  • enzyme acitvity
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49
Q

what do endocrine disorders result from

A

abnormal plasma concentration of a hormone caused by inappropriate rates of secretions

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50
Q

cause of primary hyposecretion

A

gland abnormality caused by:
- genetic
- dietary
- chemical/ toxic
- immunological
- cancer
- iatrogenic or idiopathic

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51
Q

gland is working but there is a deficiency in tropic hormones so there decreased hormones secretion =

A

secondary hyposecretion

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52
Q

when does a tumour secerte too much hormone

A

primary hypersecretion

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53
Q

secondary hypersecretion is

A

excessive stimulation from outside the gland causes oversecertion

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54
Q

example of when the target cells arent responding

A

diabetes

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55
Q

possible causes of abnormal target cell responsiveness

A
  • lack of receptors for the hormone
  • lack of enzyme essential for carrying out response
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56
Q

is the number of receptors constant

A

no

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57
Q

what affects signal magnitude transmitted across cell membrane

A

the varied number of receptors

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58
Q

what is an example of fine tuning

A
  • down - regulation of insulin receptors
  • deliberate alterations of receptors
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59
Q

what happens with down regulation of insulin receptors

A
  • number of insulin receptros on lover cells is reduced in the precense of increase concentration of plasma insulin
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60
Q

what prevents over rxn of target cells to insulin and effects blunt effects of insulin hyper

A

down - regulation of insulin receptors

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61
Q

what is it called when one hormone must be present in adequate amounts for full exertion of another hormones effect

A

permissive

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62
Q

example of permissvie hormone action

A

thyroid hormone increase number of E receptros on target cells

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63
Q

synergism function

A

occurs when actions of several hormones are complementory

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64
Q

growth hormone and food
fsh and testostrone
are examples of

A

synergism

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65
Q

what occurs when one. hormone causes loss of another hormones receptors and redeuces the effectiveness of 2 nd homornes

A

antagonism

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66
Q

example of antagonism

A
  • insulin and glucagon
  • calcitonin and parathyroid hormones
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67
Q

what controls the secretions of the pg

A

hypothalamus

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68
Q

what makes up the neuroendocrine system

A

hypothalamus and posterior pg

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69
Q

posterior pg is aka

A

neurohypophysis

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70
Q

how is the ppg connected tp the hypothalamus

A

by neural pathways

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71
Q

which pg stores and releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus

A

ppg

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72
Q

which hormone is responsible for conserving water by vasoconstriction/ increase BP and increase reabsorption of water

A
  • vasopressin
73
Q

examples of hydrophilic ppg hormones

A
  • vasopressin
  • oxytocin
74
Q

function of oxytocin

A
  • contract uterus during childbirth
  • milk ejection
  • bonding with infant
75
Q

adenohypohysi is

A

apg

76
Q

what is apg made of

A

glandular ep

77
Q

how is the anterior pg connected to hypothalamus

A
  • vascular pathways (portal sys)
78
Q

anterior pg function

A

synthesize and release hormones

79
Q

which tropic hormones does the apg release

A
  • GH
  • TSH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • PRL
80
Q

growth hormone (GH) function

A
  • regulating overall growth
  • protein anabolism
  • glucose conversion
  • fat mobilization
81
Q

which apg hormone is responsible for:
- stimulating cortisol secretion
- growth of adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticopic hormone- ACTH

82
Q

growth hormones function

A
  • stimulate growth of bones
  • protein anabolism
  • fat mobilization
  • glucose conservation
83
Q

what hormone promotes follicular growth and development and stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion in females

A

FSH

84
Q

function of FSH in males

A

stimulate seminiferous tubules in testes to produce sperm

85
Q

function of LH in females

A
  • stimulate ovulation, corpus luteum development
  • secrete estrogen and progesterone
86
Q

what hormone targets interstitial cells of leydig in testes to stimulate testosterone

A

LH in males

87
Q

function of prolactin in males

A

uncertain

88
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate apg hormones secretion

A
  • hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone
89
Q

what sets to hierarchic chain of command

A

hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone

90
Q

example of apg hormone that is secreted by more than 2 hormone

A

GHRH and GHIH

91
Q

what is the first hormone in the hierarchic chain of command and its function

A

hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormone, which stimulates apg hormone

92
Q

apg is which hormone in the hierarchic chain of command and its function

A

second, function is to stimulate target gland/ cell

93
Q

what controls the hypothalamus

A
  • NS/ brain
94
Q

function of portal sys

A

link between NS and endocrine system

95
Q

how does communication occur via the portal sys

A

blood flow from one capillary bed to another

96
Q

which glands make up the hypothalamic-hypophyseal porta system

A

apg and hypothalamus

97
Q

does most of the apg blood pass through hypothalamus first

A

yes

98
Q

which portal system is the largest and the best

A

hepatic portal sys

99
Q

growth =

A
  • lengthening of long bones
  • increase in size and number of cells in soft tissue
100
Q

what does growth depend on

A
  • genetic determination of an individuals max growth capacity
  • adequate diet
  • excess food intake
  • chronic disease and stressful environment
101
Q

function of macromolecules

A
  • building blocks for protein
102
Q

what type of food is used for functioning of enzymes

A

micromolcules

103
Q

which hormone can be anti growth

A

cortisol

104
Q

cortisol x growth

A

enhances protein breakdown, inhibit growth of long bones, and blocks GH secretion

105
Q

if stressful conditions are reversed during growth, can one catch up

A

yes

106
Q

which hormones influence growth hormone secretion and growth

A
  • thyroid hormones
  • sex hormones
  • insulin
107
Q

is the rate of growth continuous

A

no

108
Q

what hormone prevents apoptosis

A

GH

109
Q

metabolic changes caused by GH

A
  • increase rate of protein synthesis
  • increase fatty acid mobilization and E use
  • decrease rate of glucose use
110
Q

types of different growths

A
  • fetal growth
  • post-natal growth
  • pubertal growth spurt
111
Q

what promotes fetal growth

A

hormones from the placenta

112
Q

when does GH play no role in development

A

fetal development

113
Q

when does post-natal growth occur

A
  • after birth
  • non placenta GH help
114
Q

what type of growth is marked by lengthening of long bones and occurs during the first few years of life

A

post-natal growth

115
Q

what contributes to growth spurt in pubertal growth spurt

A

sex hormones and GH

116
Q

androgen function

A

male sex hormones that increases testosterone in boys, protein synthesis and bone growth

117
Q

what halts bone growth at the end of adolescence

A

testostrone and estrogen

118
Q

increase in the number of cells is known as

A

hyperplasia

119
Q

hypertrophy is

A

increase in size of cells

120
Q

bone formation is known as

A

ossficiation

121
Q

what hormone directly affects bone formation

A

GH

122
Q

how is bone thickness achieved

A
  • osteoblasts adding news bone cells to outer surface of existing bone
123
Q

function of osteoclasts

A
  • bone breakers
  • dissolve away inner surface of bone
124
Q

how does bone length occur

A

cartilage adding on the epiphyseal plate
- proliferation of chondrocytes on the outer edge of the epiphyseal platte

125
Q

what happens when the epiphyseal plate is formed

A

bone doesnt increase in lenght

126
Q

insulin like growth factor is aka

A

somatomedin

127
Q

how is somatomedins secreted from the liver

A

UPON stimulation from growth hormone

128
Q

which IGF is more important

A

IGF-1

129
Q

how does IGF-1 influence other hormones

A

paracrine

130
Q

function of IGF-1

A
  • acts directly on bone and soft tissues to bring about most growth- promoting actions
  • stimulates protein synthesis, cell divison, lengthening and thickening of bones
131
Q

what does the production of IGF-1 depend on

A
  • nutrion
  • age
132
Q

what does a decrease in food mean more IGF-1

A

it decreases

133
Q

increase GH which increases IGF-1 at puberty is

A

an age related production factor for IGF-1

134
Q

what type of IGF has an unclear role in childhood and adulthood but important during fetal development

A

IGF-2

135
Q

is the production of iIGF-2 influenced by GH

A

no

136
Q

what factors influence GH secretion

A
  • hypothalamus secreting 2 antagonistic hormones
  • diurnal rhythms
  • exercise, stress and hypoglycaemia
  • homeostasis of blood levels of glucose, a.a, f.a
137
Q

what causes inhibition of GH from apg

A
  • GH
  • somatomedin
  • GHIH
138
Q

GHIH is aka

A

somatostatin

139
Q

what hormone may inhibit GHRH

A

somatomedin

140
Q

when does GH increase in a day

A

first few hours of sleep

141
Q

GH levels during the day

A

Low and constant

142
Q

what hormone increases when E demands are largeer than

A

GH

143
Q

decreased fatty acids =

A

increaser GH secertion

144
Q

increased a.a after a protein meal =

A

increased GH secertion

145
Q

why does growth hormone deficiency occur

A
  • due to pg defect or hypothalamic dysfunction
146
Q

how are symptoms in adults with GH deficiency

A

few symptoms

147
Q

hyposecretion of GH in children is known as

A
  • dwawrfisim
148
Q

primary cause of dwarfisim

A
  • lack of GH from apg
149
Q

lack of GHRH stimulating the apg is

A

the secondary cause of dwarfisim

150
Q

lack of GHRH stimulating the apg is

A

the secondary cause of dwarfism

151
Q

symptoms of dwarfism

A
  • short cuz of retarded sk growth
  • poorly developed muscles
  • excess fat due to decreased fat moblization
152
Q

larson dwarfism is

A
  • failure of tissues to respond to GH
  • GH insenstiivty
    IN ADULTS
153
Q
  • reduced sk muscle mass
  • decreased bone density
  • risk of developing heart failure
A

larson dwarfism

154
Q

tumour of GH- producing cells of apg is

A

growth hormone excess

155
Q

when do symptoms of a disorder depend age of individual when abnormal secretions begins

A

during growth hormone excess

156
Q

overproduction of GH in childhood b/f epiphyseal plate closes is known as

A

gigantism

157
Q

acromegaly occurs

A

when GH hyper-secretion occur after adolensce and the closure of epiphyseal plate

158
Q

symptoms of growth hormone excess

A
  • thickening of soft tissues, bones, extremities and face
  • peripheral nerve disorder may occur as nerves may be trapped
159
Q

which hormone is needed for growth but doesnt promote it

A

thyroid

160
Q

does hypersecretion of the thyroid = increased growth

A

no

161
Q

which hormone is needed for skeletal growth

A

thyroid

162
Q

what happens to a child with hypothyroidism

A

stunted growth

163
Q

what happens with too much insulin and growth

A
  • excessive growth
164
Q

function of adrogens in pubertal growth

A
  • promote protein synthesis
  • linear growth
  • gain in body weight
  • muscle mass
165
Q

what stimulates complete conversion of epiphyseal plate

A

estrogen

166
Q

what gland secrete melatonin

A

pineal gland

167
Q

what controls the biological rhythm (wakefullness, temp regulation and gene expression)

A

suprachiasmamtic nuclue (SCN)

168
Q

what do the self-starting genes of SCN produce

A

clock protiens

169
Q

function of clock protiens

A
  • cyclic changes in neural discharge from SCN
  • linked to circadian rhythms
170
Q

what kind of mechanism does the night-day cycle use

A

inhibitory feedback

171
Q

what causes the synthesis of PER proteins

A
  • active gene period
172
Q

what accumulates in the cytoplasm during the day

A

PER proteins

173
Q

when is PER gene active

A

when clock proteins degrade and remove their inhibitory effect

174
Q

how many days does it take fix jet lag

A

3-5

175
Q

how does SCN sync with environment

A
  • works with pineal gland and melatonin
  • eye contains melanopsin (detects light send signals to SCN to pineal gland, which releases melatonin)
176
Q

melatonin function

A

-reproduction and onset of puberty
- promote sleep
- slow aging
- enhances immunity
- acts as antioxidants to remove free radicals (cancer)
- sync body with environment
- birth control

177
Q

how does melatonin act as birth control

A

inhibtis ovulation

178
Q

decreased in melatonin means

A

onset of puberty

179
Q

how does melatonin enhance immunity

A

reverses aging of thymus

126 (9 decks)

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