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126 > chpt 4. CNS > Flashcards

chpt 4. CNS Flashcards

1
Q

day 28 aka 4 weeks embryo structures

A

-forebrain, hind brain, mid Brain

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2
Q

day 42 embryo

A

Brain structures have developed

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3
Q

day 77 embryo

A

cerebrum is developed and other structures

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4
Q

Brain after birth

A

continues to develop till 5-7

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5
Q

nervous system organization

A

cns and pns

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6
Q

function classes of pns neurons

A

afferent and efferent

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7
Q

afferent nerves function

A

carry info to cns via peripheral axons

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8
Q

efferent nerves function

A

take away info from cns and bring to effector

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9
Q

which nerves name up the autonomic and somatic ns?

A

efferent nerves

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10
Q

what nerve is attached to a receptor

A

afferent nerve

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11
Q

location of interneuron

A

cns

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12
Q

interneuron function

A

learning, motivation, memory, transfer signals

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13
Q

which neuron is the most abundant

A

interneuron

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14
Q

neuroglia or glial cells function in pns

A
  • make myelin (Schwann cells), support cell body (satellite cells), nourishing factor (neurotrophic)
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15
Q

overall function of neuroglia or glial cells in cns

A

provide physical, metabolic and function support

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16
Q

4 major neuroglia or glial cells in cns

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • ependymal cells
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17
Q

Astrocytes function

A

-create blood brain barrier (bbb)
-neurotrophic
physical support
-fetal brain development
-neural scar tissue
-synthesize neurotransmitters
-ion balance
-enhance and strengthen synaptic transformation

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18
Q

Astrocytes structure

A

star shaped

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19
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A

produce myelin stealth in CNS

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20
Q

microglia function

A

scavengers

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21
Q

dementia

A

over excitation of microglia

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22
Q

Ependymal cells function

A
  • line inter cavities of brain and spc
  • contribute to cerebrospinal fluid
  • serve as neural stem cells
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23
Q

which cells form neuroblastoma. gliomas

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

protection of cns

A
  • cranial bones
  • meninges
  • csf
  • bbb
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25
Q

meninges layers

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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26
Q

cauda equina

A
  • individual nerves can be seen
  • epidural administered
  • cfs withdrawn
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27
Q

how many cervial nerves pairs are in the spc

A

8

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28
Q

how many thoracic nerves pairs are in the spc

A

12

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29
Q

how many lumbar nerves pairs are in the spc

A

5

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30
Q

how many sacral nerves pairs are in the spc

A

5

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31
Q

how many coccygeal (tailbone) nerves pairs are in the spc

A

1

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32
Q

dermatomes function

A

allows physicals to determine where spc could be damaged

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33
Q

dorsal root function

A

-brings in afferent afferent fiber + sensory info

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34
Q

ventral root function

A

-brings in efferent fibre motor

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35
Q

white matter function

A

-carries info to and from brain

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36
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A
  • foreign particles hide here

- cell bodies of afferent neurons are there

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37
Q

grey matter contains

A
  • dorsal horn
  • lateral horn
  • ventral horn
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38
Q

dorsal horn function

A

-cell bodies of interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate

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39
Q

lateral horn function

A

-cell bodies of autonomic efferent nerve fibers present

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40
Q

ventral horn function

A

-cell bodies of somatic efferent neurons

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41
Q

what does the csf flow through ?

A

-central canal

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42
Q

Schwann cell location

A

pns

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43
Q

satellite cell location

A

pns

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44
Q

Schwann cell functions

A

-make myelin sheath

axon rejuvenation

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45
Q

dura mater function

A

-forms dural and venous sinuses

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46
Q

dura mater structure

A
  • tough

- closet to cranial bone

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47
Q

dural and venous sinuses

A
  • blood filled cavity’s

- blood empties to return to heart

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48
Q

arachnoid mater structure(s)

A
  • cobweb like, networks

- subarachnoid and arachnoid villus

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49
Q

pia mater structure

A
  • closest to brain
  • gentle
  • highly vascular
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50
Q

pia mater function

A

nourishes

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51
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges, can die within 24 hours, lets invaders in

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52
Q

csf structure

A

salty, ions, vitamins

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53
Q

where is csf formed?

A

choronid plexus of ventricles 3&4 cavities

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54
Q

what forms csf?

A

ependymal cells

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55
Q

csf function

A
  • allows brain to float
  • cushions brain and spc
  • allows exchange of materials
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56
Q

flow of csf

A

chorioid plexus -> ventricles -> subarachnoid -> venous blood

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57
Q

how many times is csf formed

A

3 times day

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58
Q

blood brain barrier function

A
  • isolates brain from harmful things
  • exchange
  • parkinson
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59
Q

where is BBB not present ?

A
  • medulla oblongata

- hypothalamus

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60
Q

what is function of having no BBB in medulla oblongata ?

A

-allows puking

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61
Q

what is function of having no BBB in hypothalamus?

A

-link b/w NS and endocrine system

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62
Q

cerebral cortex structure

A

-largest- 80% of Brain weight
incovulated,
suli,
gyris

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63
Q

incovualtes in cerebral cortex function

A

increase surface area

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64
Q

what joins and allows communication the two hemispheres of the cereal cortex?

A

corpus callosum

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65
Q

left cerebral hemisphere function

A

-logical, analytical, sequential and verbal skills

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66
Q

right cerebral hemisphere function

A
  • non-verbal/ language skills
  • artistic
  • holistic
  • left handed
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67
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • frontal
  • temporal
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68
Q

occipital lobe function

A

visual input

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69
Q

parietal lobe function

A
  • sensory input

- receives and process sensory input

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70
Q

frontal lobe function

A
  • voluntary movements
  • higher level thinking
  • language, speech, thought
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71
Q

temporal lobe function

A

-hearing/ sound sensation

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72
Q

central sulcus function/ location

A

-separates frontal and parietal lobe
-posterior frontal lobe
anterior parietal lobe

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73
Q

grey matter layers + structure

A

6, has cell bodies of neurons

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74
Q

white matter layers + structure

A

single, myelinated axon carrying messages

75
Q

primary motor cortex function

A
  • voluntary control over movement

- controls muscles on opposite side of body

76
Q

primary motor cortex location

A

frontal lobe

77
Q

homunculus

A

bigger the organ, the more devoted to the muscle

-unequal and upside down

78
Q

somatic sensory cortex location

A
  • anterior parietal lobe

- posterior central sulcus

79
Q

somatic sensory cortex function

A
  • sensory info is projected here

- sensations arrive here

80
Q

proprioception meaning

A
  • body in present time

- awareness of body position

81
Q

supplementary motor area function

A

programs complex movements

82
Q

supplementary motor area location

A

frontal lobe, anterior primary motor cortex and posterior premotor cortex

83
Q

premotor cortex function

A
  • coordination of complex movement

- moving body+ arms towards smt

84
Q

premotor cortex location

A

frontal lobe, anterior supplementary motor cortex

-posterior prefrontal association cortex

85
Q

prefrontal association cortex function

A
  • decision making
  • personality + working memory
  • plan for voluntary activity
86
Q

prefrontal association cortex location

A

frontal bone, forehead

87
Q

brocas area location

A

frontal lobe

88
Q

brocas area function

A

form speech

89
Q

what area is damaged in expressive aphasia

A

damage to brocas area

90
Q

expressive aphasia result

A

jumbled speech, don’t make sense

91
Q

Receptive Aphasia area damages is

A

wernickes area

92
Q

result of receptive aphasia

A

can’t understand language

93
Q

parts of Brain involved in working memory

A
  • parterital-temporal-occipital
  • limbic association cortex
  • pre-frontal
94
Q

primary auditory cortex function

A

processes hearing

95
Q

primary auditory cortex location

A

temporal lobe

96
Q

limbic association cortex function

A

memory, motivation and emotion

97
Q

limbic association cortex location

A

inner and bottom surface of temporal lobe

98
Q

primary visual cortex function

A

sight

99
Q

primary visual cortex location

A

base of occipital lobe

100
Q

what cortex integrates all sensory input and is important in language?

A

parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex

101
Q

wernickes area location

A

b/w pariteal and temporal

102
Q

wernickes area function

A

understand/ comprehend speech

103
Q

posterior partial cortex function

A
  • intergration of somato-sensory and visual input

- important for complex movements

104
Q

Basal Nuclei components

A
  • 4 nuclei with masses of grey matter
105
Q

function of basal nuclei

A
  • select and maintain purposeful movements
  • help monitor contractions for support and posture
  • inhibit muscle tone
106
Q

muscle tone meaning

A

-ability of muscle to stretch, relax and change in direction

107
Q

what allows the needed movement initiated by basal nuclei?

A

basal nuclei forming a loop with thalamus and high cortex

108
Q

disease associated with damage to Basel nuclei

A

parkinsons
huntingtons
ocd
tourettes

109
Q

Parkinson’s signs and symptoms

A

see unwanted movements, hip shuffling, staring, slow in movement

110
Q

how does one get Huntington’s disorder

A

genes

111
Q

huntingtons signs and symptoms

A
  • lost motor co-ordination
  • twitching
  • dementia/ congintion loss
112
Q

cerebellum is also known as

A

the 2nd or little brain

113
Q

cerebellum overall function

A

-planning and executing voluntary movement s

114
Q

what is the second largest structure in the Brain?

A

cerebellum

115
Q

cerebellum breaks down into

A
  • vestibuocerebellum
  • spinocerebellum
  • cerebrocerebellum
116
Q

vestibuocerebellum function

A
  • eye movement

- balance

117
Q
  • muscle tone
    -skilled voluntary movements
    are functions of
A

spinocerebellum

118
Q

cerebrocerebellum is responsible for

A
  • planning and initiating voluntary movement s

- stores repeptitive/ procedural memeories site

119
Q

diencephalon components

A

thalamus

hypothalamus

120
Q

thalamus function

A

the relay station of the brain that is the site of sensory processing

121
Q

what sensory thing does the thalamus not process

A

smell

122
Q

where is smell processed

A

parietal lobe

123
Q

what structure is aware of everything in body but cant control things

A

thalamus

124
Q

what structure can direct attention to stimuli of specific interest

A

thalamus

125
Q

hypothalamus location

A

below thalamus

126
Q

what structure links the endocrine and nervous system

A

hypothalamus

127
Q

function of hypothalamus

A
  • tell glands to release hormones

- regulates body activity

128
Q

what type of body activity does the hypothalamus regulate

A
  • eating and drinking behaviors
  • flight and fight
  • body temperature
129
Q

what is released during fight and flight

A

catecholamines

130
Q

what glands are controlled by the hypothalamus

A

pineal and pituitary gland

131
Q

pineal gland function

A

-controls day and night cycle in circadian rhythms

132
Q

what gland seceretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

133
Q

anterior pituitary function

A
  • growth
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
134
Q

which pituitary is used every day and is the true endocrine gland?

A

anterior

135
Q

what hormone and gland allows release of ovum and sperm

A

anterior pituitary and gonadotrophic hormone

136
Q

what pituitary is responsible for mammary gland development

A

anterior pituitary

137
Q

the function of the posterior pituitary

A
  • oxytocin release

- vasopressin

138
Q

function of oxytocin

A
  • bonding
  • milk ejection
  • cervical and uterine contractions
139
Q

vasopression function

A
  • anti-diuretic
  • governs kidney
  • body fluid maintained
  • regulates blood pressure
140
Q

neural plasticity function

A

the ability of neurons to change based on demands placed on it

141
Q

why can some areas of the brain resume activity for a part of the brain that was damaged?

A

neural plasticity

142
Q

where are the ascending and descending nerves located on the spinal cord

A

white matter

143
Q

where are horns located in the spinal cord

A

grey matter

144
Q

where are axons of neurons located in the spinal cord

A

white matter

145
Q

what makes the brain aware of things in the spc

A

white matter

146
Q

-fingers
-thumb
-jaw
-muscles used with speech: lips and tongue
are exaggerated in which homunculus and why

A
  • indicate fine degree of motor control these body parts have
  • motor homunculus
147
Q

which lobe is the motor homunculus located in?

A

frontal

148
Q

where is the sensory homunculus located?

A

parietal lobe

149
Q

what are somaesthetic sensations

A

heat, cold, pain, tough pressure

150
Q

what lobe detect somaesthetic sensations ?

A

parietal

151
Q

which organs have more devotion in the sensory homunculus?

A
  • face
  • tongue
  • hands
  • genital
152
Q

do hemisphere and cortex receive info from different sides of the Body?

A

yes

153
Q

what localizes sensory info in the body?

A

somatosensory cortex

154
Q

what makes a person aware of change In senses (hot vs cold)

A

thalamus

155
Q

brain stem components

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • mid brain
156
Q

overall function of brain stem

A

control circulation, digestion, respiration

157
Q

function of medulla oblongata

A
  • centre for vomiting
  • governs respiratory sys
  • blood pressure regulation
  • heart rate
158
Q

what brain stem structure is also known as the little bridge

A

the pons

159
Q

which brain stem structure is present in early fetal development

A

midbrain

160
Q

function of the pons

A
  • eye movement

- neural pathways that carry info b/w parts of the forebrain and the midbrain

161
Q

midbrain function

A
  • reflex eye movement

- equilibrium (vestibular apparatus)

162
Q

what contributes to Reticular Activating system

A

the brainstem

163
Q

Reticular Activating system function

A
  • governs everyday needs

- controls many things

164
Q

what does the RAS control

A
  • BP
  • respiratory sys
  • stretch reflex
  • pain
  • sleep and arousal cycles
165
Q

where is the site of 12 cranial nerves

A

RAS + spinal cord

166
Q

name of CN1

A

olfactory nerve

167
Q

which nerve is the optic nerve

A

CN2

168
Q

name of CN3 nerve

A

oculomotor nerve

169
Q

CN3 function

A

controls eye muscles

170
Q

CN1-3 location

A

head and neck region

171
Q

CN10 name

A

vagus nerve

172
Q

what is different abt the CN10

A

it leaves the head and enters the intrabdominal region

173
Q

controlling blood pressure is the function of which cranial nerves

A

vagus/ CN10 nerve

174
Q

which cranial never goes to the heart and taste buds

A

vagus/ CN 10 nerve

175
Q

limbic systems components

A
  • amgydala
  • hypocampus
  • fonix
  • cingulale gyrus
176
Q

limbic system location

A

deep inside brain

177
Q

overall functions of the limbic system

A
  • emotion
  • motivation
  • behaviour
  • learning
  • survival tings (in born behavioural patterns)
178
Q

which limbic centre component controls fear, nervousness, goosebumps, sex drive

A

amygdala aka systemic response

179
Q

which limbic centre structure has 22 regions

A

amygdala aka systemic response

180
Q

fornix function

A
  • overall unknown
  • connects hypocampus w/ thalamus
  • thalamas with higher cortex
181
Q

which limbic centre component is used for expressing emotions with gestures

A

-cingulale gyrus

182
Q

which region do you cut off so you can’t recall memories

A

fornix

183
Q

hippocampus function

A
  • declarative memory

- new neurons are created

184
Q

what is lost in Alzheimer’s patients

A

hippocampus

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