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Physiology 502 > export_resp 34 > Flashcards

export_resp 34 Flashcards

1
Q

what causes ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) inequality?

A

gravity

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2
Q

V/Q is ___ in higher lung than in lover

A

lower

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3
Q

PO2 is ___ in higher lung

A

higher

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4
Q

why isn’t PCO2 affected by V/Q inequality?

A

CO2 has a greater solubility

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5
Q

when do pulmonary capillaries reach pO2 of 100?

A

~25% of length

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6
Q

which part of the lungs does most blood flow through?

A

bottom

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7
Q

during exercise it takes ___ time to reach equilibrated PO2 (why?)

A

more, increased blood flow rate

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8
Q

hyperventilation

A

dec PCO2, inc PO2

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9
Q

normal P02 and PCO2

A

O2- 105mmHg

CO2- 40mmHg

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10
Q

hyporventilation

A

dec PO2, inc PCO2

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11
Q

CO2 ___ bronchiols

A

relaxes

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12
Q

pulmonary edema and affects on O2/CO2

A

fluid in lungs, inc diffusion distance, PO2 dec, PCO2 same (when ventilate to compensate or in sever cases, inc CO2)

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13
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

clots blocking arteries, dec flow to regions, dec PO2, more severe more inc PCO2

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14
Q

emphysema

A

walls of alveoli and caps broken down, inc resistance, dec surface area, PO2 dec, PCO2 inc with severity

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15
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

thickening of alveolar walls, inc diffusion distance, dec ventilation bc can’t expand lung, dec PO2, dec PCO2 with severity

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16
Q

asthma

A

narrowed airways, high mucus production, dec ventilation, dec surface area, dec PO2, inc PCO2 with severity

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17
Q

fick’s law

A 
V= D*A*(P1-P2)/T
-A= surface area

-T= thickness

D= solubility coeff

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18
Q

how is O2 carried in blood?

A

hemoglobin (4 binding sites/1)

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19
Q

resting oxygen consumption

A

250 ml/min

we hold 1L

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20
Q

hemoglobin structure

A

2 alpha
2 beta

1 heme in each

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21
Q

what is PO2 measuring?

A

O2 disovled in plasma

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22
Q

what happens to PO2 in blood?

A

when PO2 alveoli > PO2 blood, diffuses into plasma, binds to Hb, released when PO2 blood > PO2 tissues

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23
Q

what % of O2 is released to tissues?

A

25

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24
Q

what effects Hb saturation curve?

A 
dec pH/inc H+ (right)
inc temp (right)

inc PCO2 (right)

inc 2,3DPG (right)

25
Q

what are DPGs?

A
  • produced by RBCs during anaerobic glycolysis

- produced in response to hypoxia

26
Q

how does CO2 exist in blood?

A

1) dissolved in plasma (10%)
2) globin-bound (30%)

3) bicarbonate (HCO3-) (60%)

27
Q

CO2/HCO3 equation

A

CO2+H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

28
Q

enzyme used in carbonic acid eq?

A

carbonic anhydrase

29
Q

pH is ___ in venous blood than arterial

A

lower

30
Q

3 peripheral chemoreceptors

A

1) aortic
2) carotid

3) axons to medulla oblongata

31
Q

what stimulates chemoreceptors?

A

dec PO2, dec pH, inc PCO2

32
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

in brain, measure PCO2 change in inerstitial fluid, go to medulla oblongata

33
Q

how does brain pH change?

A

blood PCO2 > brain ECF PCO2, CO2 into brain and dec brain pH

34
Q

are central receptors sensitive to PO2 or H+?

A

NO

35
Q

when does ventilation change start (PO2)? what is responsible for this change?

A

60 mmHG

peripheral receptors

36
Q

what is responsible for ventilation change (PCO2 and H+)

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

37
Q

what drives ventilation inc during exercise?

A

pH (lactic acid)

38
Q

where do the peripheral chemoreceptors signal to?

A

medullary inspiratory center

39
Q

pH of blood is ___ in arterial blood vs venous

A

higher

40
Q

what is the CO2 buffer in cells?

A

proteins (globin)

41
Q

what is respiratory acidosis? alkalosis?

A

inc PCO2, inc H+, dec pH

dec PCO2, dec H+, inc pH

42
Q

how does respiration compensate for metabolic acidosis? alkalosis?

A

hypoventilation (inc CO2, H+)

hyperventilation (dec CO2, H+)

43
Q

venous PO2
PCO2

pH

A

100mmHg
40mmHG

7.4

44
Q

arterial PO2
PCO2

pH

A

40mmHg
45mmHg

7.36

45
Q

Pre-Botzinger

A

pacemaker cells of respiratory center (in medulla oblongata)

46
Q

how does the respiratory center control inhale/exhale?

A

pre-botzinger –> VRG/DRG –> motor neurons –>diaphragm/intercostals –> contractions

47
Q

pneumotaxic/apneustic center

A

in pons, send signals to pacemakers

48
Q

types of inputs to pre-botz?

A

sensory (PO2, pH, PCO2, stretch, irritants), pons, cortex (voluntary)

49
Q

action potentials cause?

A

inspiration

50
Q

what causes expiration?

A

stopping of APs (passive)

51
Q

what changes depth of breaths?

A

frequency of APs in burst

52
Q

how does gas exchange occur?

A

diffusion down the pressure gradient

53
Q

gas exchange direction at alveoli

A
  • CO2 into alveoli

- O2 into blood

54
Q

gas exchange at cells

A
  • CO2 into blood

- O2 into cells

55
Q

what does partial pressure measure?

A

gas concentration in blood

56
Q

what is the pressure of CO2 in the air?

A

neglegible

57
Q

what determines gas concentration?

A

solubility and partial pressure

58
Q

what is more soluble, O2 or CO2?

A

CO2 - 24x

59
Q

what do central chemoreceptors sense?

A

CO2 in brain

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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