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Physiology 502 > export_gi 2 > Flashcards

export_gi 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gastric secretion inhibitors:

A

1) neural inputs from ENS and CNS
2) cholecystokinin (CCK)

3) secretin

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2
Q

CCK

stimulus?

A
  • hormone released by I cells in upper part of SI

- FAs and AAs in duodenum

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3
Q

secretin

stimulus?

A
  • hormone released by S cells in upper part of SI

- acidity (low pH) in the duodenum

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4
Q

Short vs. Long Neural Reflex

A

SHORT: occurs completely within the wall of the GI tract
- Enteric nervous system can act WITHOUT CNS

input/output

LONG: involves output to CNS and input from CNS

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5
Q

parts of SI (high to low)

A

duodenum
jejunum

ileum

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6
Q

secreted by intestinal epithelial cells to create osmosis

A

1) sodium
2) Cl-

3) bicorbonate

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7
Q

anatomy of crypt:

A
  • invaginate into underlying lamina propria
  • transit-amplyfying cells
  • stem cells and Paneth cells
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8
Q

types of epithelial cells in SI and fxns

A

1) enterocyte- absorption and secretion
2) musuc (goblet)- secrete mucus

3) endocrine- CCK (I) and secretin (S)
4) paneth- anitmicrobial agents
5) stem- progenitor of epithelial cells

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9
Q

ever 3-5 days

A

SI epithelial surface replaces

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10
Q

what is brush border?

A

microvilli in intestinal lumen of absorptive cells (apical surface)

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11
Q

What is found inside the villi?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels, smooth muscle, nerve fibers

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12
Q

2 types of motor activity and characterizations

A

1) fasting- postabsorptive- migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)- peristalsis
2) postprandial (after meal)- absorptive- segmentation- stationary contractions and relaxations

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13
Q

What is MMC?

A
  • short peristaltic waves
  • lower stomach down intestine

-sweeps undigestible material and bacteria through intestine

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14
Q

regulation of MMC

A
  • activated by motilin hormone via ENS and ANS

- inhibited by meal in stomach (changes to segmentation)

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15
Q

what is segmentation? and how is it regulated?

A

mixes chyme and brings into contact with intestinal epithelium
-regulated by pacemaker cells in smooth muscle layer (cells of Cajal), hormones, ENS, and ANS

  • gastroileal reflex stim segmentation intensity
  • parasymp- increases contraction force
  • syp- relaxes
  • after meal is absorbed it stops
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16
Q

fxn of pancreas during digestion

A

secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into SI

-insulin, glucagon, other hormones

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17
Q

composition of pancreas:

A

exocrine and endocrine (islets ~1-2%)

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18
Q

2 types of pancreatic cells and fxns

A

1) exocrine (acinar)- panc enzymes digst carbs, fats, proteins, and NAs
2) duct cells- bicarbonate to neut HCl from stomach into SI

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19
Q

regulation of pancreatic secretions:

A

1) neural- vagus nerve inputs
2) hormones (predominant)-

  • CCK- stim by fats and prots- affects acinar cells- release enzymes
  • secretin- stim by acid- affects duct cells- bicarbonate release- further effects CCK
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20
Q

effects of CCK after meal

A

meal–>inc CCK secreation–>inc plasma CCK–>inc pancreas enzyme secrection–>ince flow of enzymes into SA–>in digestion in SI

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21
Q

effects of CCK on secretin and vice versa

A

increases power of secretion of the other

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22
Q

pancreatic stim by long reflexes?

A

luminal acid and FAs stim secretions (CCK and secretin) through afferent long reflexes

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23
Q

effects of secretin after meal

A

meal–>inc secretin in SI–>inc plasma secretin–>inc pancreatic bicarbonate secretion–>inc bicarbonate in SI–>neutralize intestinal acid

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24
Q

duct cells release __ into lumen via the ___.

A

HCO3, Cl/HCO3 exchanger

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25
Q

___ enters duct cells from blood through ___. while ___ is released into circulation

A

HCO3, Na/HCO3 cotransporter, H+ (Na/H exchanger)

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26
Q

what triggers HCO3 release in duct cells?

A

secretin

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27
Q

what innervates acinar cells?

A

vagus nerve

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28
Q

all nutrients except __ are first sent to the liver

A

fat

29
Q

main fxn of liver

A
  • metabolize/detox compound

- make bile

30
Q

fxnal unit of liver

A

hepatic lobules

31
Q

capillaries of liver

A

hepatic sinusoids

32
Q

fxn of hepatic sinusoids?

A

bring bile back to liver for recycling

33
Q

where is bile taken out of liver?

A

bile canalculi (form bile duct)

34
Q

what is bile made of?

A
  • phospholipids (lecithin)
  • bicarbonate
  • cholesterol
  • bile pigments
  • bile salts
35
Q

what do hepatocytes synthesize?

A

bile salts (from cholesterol) and lechithin

36
Q

where is bicarbonate released from?

A

duct cells

37
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

where common bile duct enters duodenum

38
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

39
Q

what stimulates release of CCK?

A

fatty acids

40
Q

fxn of CCK

A
  • stim gallbladder –> bile to duodenum

- relaxes sphincter of oddi to allow

41
Q

what does secretin regulate? stimulated by?

A
  • bicarbonate secretion

- acid

42
Q

where (organs) is bicarbonate released from?

A

pancreas and bile duct

43
Q

enterohepatic circulation

A

bile salts enter duodenum via oddi
-bile salts back into circulation from ileum

-returned to liver via hepatic portal vein

44
Q

how is cholesterol excreted?

A

in bile

45
Q

what role does fiber play in bile?

A
  • binds to bile
  • bile not able to be recycles
  • inc bile in feces
  • dec plasma cholesterol (liver needs to make more)
46
Q

bilirubin

A
  • bile pigment

- made from hemoglobin of digested RBC

47
Q

how is bilirubin excreted?

A

urine or feces

48
Q

jaundice

A
  • inc bilirubin in tissues, mucus membranes, and eyes

- blocked common bile duct

49
Q

gallstones

A
  • crystallized cholesterol

- when chol is too high relative to bile salts

50
Q

large intestines anatomy

A

1) cecum

2) colon
- ascending colon
- transverse colon

  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
    3) rectum
51
Q

large intestine fxn

A

store and concentrate fecal material

52
Q

secretions of LI

A

mucus, bicarb, K+

53
Q

what causes fluid absorption in LI?

A

transport of Na+ into blood

54
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A
  • regulated chyme into cecum
  • keeps bact out of SI
  • ileal contractions relax it
  • LI distension contract it
55
Q

motility of LI

A

slow segmentation (~1/30mins)

56
Q

mass movement of LI

A
  • coincides with gastroileal reflex

- smooth muscles remain contracted

57
Q

segmental contractions regulated by

A

parasymp-inc

symp-dec

58
Q

what triggers defecation

A
  • feces in rectum

- parasymp reflexes

59
Q

why is defecation voluntary?

A

internal (smooth) and external (skeletal) sphincters

60
Q

diarrhea

A
  • inc fluid secretion or dec absorption

- dietary intolerance, infections

61
Q

meds for diarrhea

A
  • relax intestine
  • allow more time for absorption

-dec gastroileal reflex

62
Q

cholera toxin

A

inc cAMP –> activate Cl- channels in SI –> Na and H2O follow osmosis

63
Q

constipation

A
  • dec motility of LI

- distension of rectum

64
Q

laxatives

A
  • fiber (inc stoll volume)
  • lubs (soften stool)
  • water retention
  • stimulants (inc motility)
65
Q

IBD

A
  • immune and tissue-repair response not working

- strictures caused by inflammation

66
Q

crohn’s disease

A

inflammation and thickening of GI wall

-leads to blockages

67
Q

ulcerative colitis

A
  • restricted colon

- disrupts mucosa (bleeding, edema, ulceration)

68
Q

bacteroidetes vs firmicutes in lean/obese

A

lean: inc bact, dec firm
obese: dec bact, inc firms

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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