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Physiology 502 > export_gi 1 > Flashcards

export_gi 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Motility

A

controlled movement of substances through the guy

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2
Q

secretion

A

release of substance and fluids

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3
Q

digestion

A

break down food into molecular compents

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4
Q

absorption

A

movement of nutrients and water into body

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5
Q

5 processes of GI

A

1) digestion
2) secretion (into GI from blood)

3) absorption (into blood from GI)
4) motility
5) barrier

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6
Q

Folding of intestine increases ___ which increases ___

A

surface area, absorption

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7
Q

3 types of intestinal folding

A

1) plicae (sub and muc)
2) villi (muc)

3) microvilli

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8
Q

2 types of intestinal muscle

A

1) circular

2) longitudinal

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9
Q

layers of GI (inside to out)

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa

3) muscularis externa
4) serosa

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10
Q

paneth cells

A

produce antimicrobial peptides

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11
Q

M cells and Peyer’s patches

A

sample luminal antigens and activate WBCs (in PP) in response to pathogens

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12
Q

barrier function of GI

A

1) mucus production
2) acid destroys microorganisms

3) produce antimicrobial peptides
4) activate WBCs
5) IgA production

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13
Q

3 phases of GI regulation

A

1) cephalic phase (head)
2) gastric (stomach)

3) intestinal (intestine)

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14
Q

enteric nervous system (ENS) innervates ___ and ___ (regions)

A

myenteric and submucosal plexus

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15
Q

ENS regulates ___, ___, ___

A

1) motility
2) secretion

3) hormone release

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16
Q

signals to GI can start in __ or __

A

CNS or ENS

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17
Q

long vs. short reflexes

A

long- through CNS –> nerve plexus in GI –> response in lumen
short- bypass CNS, stimulus in lumen –> signals nerve plexus –> triggers response

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18
Q

receptor types in the GI wall

A

chemo, osmo, mechano

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19
Q

saliva functions

A

1) lubrication
2) buffer to dilute spice/acid

3) partial digestion (amylase)
4) clean teeth/tissues
5) antibacterial/fungal (lysozyme, histatin)

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20
Q

areas of saliva release

A

1) parotid (25%)
2) submandibular (70%)

3) sublingual (5%)

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21
Q

cephalic-phase control of salivary secretion

A

taster –> tongue mechanos –> salivary center of medulla oblongata –> ANS –> salivation

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22
Q

saliva secretion hormone regulation

A

hormone’s don’t regulate saliva secretion

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23
Q

sight and smell of food stimulate cephalic phase through the ___

A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

xerostomia

A

dry mouth from no saliva (can lead to tooth decay)

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25
Q

Sjogrens Syndrome

A

immune damage of acinar cells, or side effects of certain drugs

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26
Q

pharynx

A

throat

food enters

27
Q

esophagus function

A

controls swallowing, doesn’t contribute to digestion

28
Q

3 phases of sawllowing

A

1) oral
2) pharyngeal

3) esophageal

29
Q

what controls swallowing?

A

brain coordinates signal to pharynx, esophagus, and respiratory muscles

30
Q

during pharyngeal phase: soft palate

A

pushed up to prevent entry into nasal cavity

31
Q

epiglottis during pharyngeal phase

A

pushed down and glottis covers opening of trachea

32
Q

phayngeal phase steps

A

1) soft palate up
2) epiglottis down

3) breathing inhibition
4) upper esophageal sphincter opens

33
Q

esophageal phase

A

peristaltic contractions push food to stomach
- controlled by ENS

-contractions triggered by distension

34
Q

muscles responsible for parstalsis

A

musularic externa (longitudinal and circular)

35
Q

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

relaxes with contraction

-normally closed

36
Q

receptive relaxation

A

stomach relax to inc volume (50–>1500ml)

37
Q

stomach functions

A

1) secrete intrinsic factor for vit B12 absorption
2) store meal

3) regulate output to small intestine
4) mix with secretions to form chyme
5) destroy microorganisms

38
Q

3 regions of stomach

A

1) fundus
2) body

3) antrum

39
Q

function of stomach body

A

secrete mucus, pepsinogen, and HCl

40
Q

function of antrum

A

secrete mucus, pepsinogen, and gastrin

41
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

between the antrum and duodenum

42
Q

3 types of gastric glands (gland region)

A

1) mucous neck cells
2) chief cells

3) parietal cells

43
Q

regions of stomach (inside to out)

A

1) gastric lumen
2) gastric pit

3) gland region
4) muscularis mucosa

44
Q

conversion of pepsinogen to ___

A

pepsin- HCl cleaves 44aa off

45
Q

active/inactive versions of pepsin(ogen)

A
  • active- pepsin

- inactive-pepsinogen

46
Q

Cells in stomach body, function, and destination

A

ECL cell- histamine- mucosa
Parietal- HCl IF- lumen

D cell- somatostatin- mucosa

Chief- pepsinogen- lumen

mucus- mucus- lumen

47
Q

Cells in stomach antrum, function, and destination

A

G cell- gastrin- blood
mucus- mucus- lumen

D cell- somatostatin- mucosa

48
Q

3 hormone and paracrine factors in gastic cells

A

histamine, gastrin, somatostatin

49
Q

Inc enteric activity leads to:

A

+ gastrin secretion –> +his and +acid
+histamine secretion

+parietal cell acid secretion –> inc HCl

50
Q

Effects of inc HCl

A

+somatostatin secretion –> -acid secretion

-gastrin secretion

51
Q

Parietal cells effected (+/-) by:

A

+gastrin
+histamine

+ACh

-Somatostatin

52
Q

Mechanisms of parietal cells:

A

secondary messengers activate H/K ATPase pumps, cells release acid

53
Q

Chyme in the small intestine effects gastrin how?

A

decreases the secretion

54
Q

inc symp/dec parasym effects stomach how?

A

dec gastric secretions

55
Q

what turns on symp/off parasymp in long reflexes?

A

+acidity, +fat, +aas, distention, and hypertonicity in duodenum

56
Q

short reflexes caused by what in duodenum?

A

+acid, +fat, +aas, hypertonicity, distention..
stim neural receptors –> dec gastric secretions

inc enterogasterones –> inc plasma enterogasterones –> dec gastic secretions

57
Q

acid blockers for acid reflux

A
  • antacids (buffers H+)
  • histamines 2 receptor agonists (block hist signaling)

-proton pump inhib (inhibits H/KATPase

58
Q

what is an ulcer?

A

break in mucosal barrier due to acid and pepsin

59
Q

what is helicobacrer pylori?

A

bacteria that causes chronic inflammation –> ulcer –> inc stomach cancer risk

60
Q

aids of gastric motility:

A

1) mix food w/ secretions
2) regulate output of chyme to SI

3) peristaltic contractions
4) pacemaker cells
5) force contraction regulated
6) gastric phase regulation of motility via ENS and gastrin secretion

61
Q

Retropulsion

A
  • stomach

* move it back causing turbulance (mixing)

62
Q

slow wave oscillations

A

reach threshold briefly then long depolarization

63
Q

vomiting is controlled by

A

vomiting center in MO

-response to extensive distension, gagging, toxins, etc

64
Q

excessive vomiting leads to:

A

dehydration, salt imbalance, dec blood volume, metabolic alkalosis (loss of H+)

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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