export_endocrine 2

Question 1

type 2 diabetes (adult onset)

Answer 1

• inability of B-cells to compensate for insulin sensitivity
• dec release of insulin

-dec B-cell mass

Question 2

biggest risk of getting t2 diabetes?

Answer 2

weight

Question 3

what impairs insulin in tissues?

Answer 3

FAs, glucose, AAs, horomes (inc glucagon, dec GH, inc cortisol, inc aldosterone)
-inflammation

Question 4

what do the genes involved in t2 diabetes affect?

Answer 4

• insulin resistance

- B-cell dysfunction/failure

Question 5

what does dec insulin secretion cause?

Answer 5

• inc glucagon secretion
• dec liver insulin sensitivty
• inc liver glucose production
• dec muscle insulin sensitivity

Question 6

disposition index

Answer 6

insulin response based on insulin sensitivity
-intense curve

-decreasing sensitivity a small amount can create a large response

Question 7

ways drugs help t2 diabetes

Answer 7

• decrease glucagon secretion
• decrease liver glucose production
• inc gluscose uptake into muscles
• inc insulin secretion
• inc glucose in urine

Question 8

GLP1 fxn

Answer 8

hormone that binds to B-cell and inc insulin secretion

-inc after meal

Question 9

how does exercise help insulin?

Answer 9

• improves insulin sensitivity
• muscle contraction induces insulin-independent glucose uptake
• lowers insulin, inc glucagon, inc epinephrine
• inc FA use, inc gluconeogenesis, inc lipolysis
• glucose levels remain steady
• glycogen stores deplete

Question 10

total energy expenditure

Answer 10

heat produced+external work done+energy stored

Question 11

kcal

Answer 11

energy req to raise temp of 1L of water 1 degree C

Question 12

metabolic rate

Answer 12

total energy expenditure/time

Question 13

respiratory quotient

Answer 13

ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumption
-inc use of carbs @ 1

-inc use of fats @ 0.7

Question 14

basal metabolic rate

Answer 14

total energy expended=heat produced
-at rest

-after 12 hr fast

Question 15

what determines metabolic rate?

Answer 15

age, sex, muscle mass, activity level, infection/disease, hormones

Question 16

how much activity does a person need to maintain body weight?

Answer 16

30kcal/kg

Question 17

fxn of thyroid hormone

Answer 17

• inc O2 consumption

- inc heat production in tissue

Question 18

hypothryroidism

Answer 18

• dec BMR
• cold intolerance
• bradycardia
• weight gain
• constipation
• dry skin and hair loss

Question 19

hyperthyroidism

Answer 19

• inc BMR
• heat intolerance
• agitation
• weight loss
• oily skin
• freq bowel movements

Question 20

effectors of metabolic rate?

Answer 20

1) thyroid hormone
2) epinephrine

3) food-induced thermogenesis
4) muscle mass

Question 21

epinephrine effects on metabolic rate

Answer 21

• inc rate
• stim glycogeneolysis
• inc lipolysis
• inc oxidation

Question 22

set point hypothesis

Answer 22

if gain weight inc met rate, if lose weight dec met rate

Question 23

lipostatic theory of energy balance

Answer 23

• if energy stores inc –> fat signals to dec food intake and inc energy expenditure
• energy stores dec –> fat signals to inc food intake and dec energy exp

Question 24

signal from fat to brain to change food intake/energy expenditure?

Answer 24

• taste, meal size, environment
• stretch receptors in stomach
• insulin or enterokines after meal
• inc metabolic rate after meal
• glucose utilization by hypothalamus

Question 25

hormones that control eating

Answer 25

leptin
ghrelin–>AGRP

insulin

Question 26

how does leptin control food intake?

Answer 26

• secreted by fat cells
• goes to hypothalamus
• inc metabolic rate
• feedback: stop food intake and inc energy exp
• keeps thyroid hormone at normal level

Question 27

is adipose tissue an endocrine gland?

Answer 27

YES!

Question 28

famine in pregnancy

Answer 28

• dec in 1st trimester- excess obesity

- dec in 3rd tri- less obesity

Question 29

best/worst ways to lose weight

Answer 29

diet/exercise alone