export_endocrine 2 Flashcards
type 2 diabetes (adult onset)
- inability of B-cells to compensate for insulin sensitivity
- dec release of insulin
-dec B-cell mass
biggest risk of getting t2 diabetes?
weight
what impairs insulin in tissues?
FAs, glucose, AAs, horomes (inc glucagon, dec GH, inc cortisol, inc aldosterone)
-inflammation
what do the genes involved in t2 diabetes affect?
- insulin resistance
- B-cell dysfunction/failure
what does dec insulin secretion cause?
- inc glucagon secretion
- dec liver insulin sensitivty
- inc liver glucose production
- dec muscle insulin sensitivity
disposition index
insulin response based on insulin sensitivity
-intense curve
-decreasing sensitivity a small amount can create a large response
ways drugs help t2 diabetes
- decrease glucagon secretion
- decrease liver glucose production
- inc gluscose uptake into muscles
- inc insulin secretion
- inc glucose in urine
GLP1 fxn
hormone that binds to B-cell and inc insulin secretion
-inc after meal
how does exercise help insulin?
- improves insulin sensitivity
- muscle contraction induces insulin-independent glucose uptake
- lowers insulin, inc glucagon, inc epinephrine
- inc FA use, inc gluconeogenesis, inc lipolysis
- glucose levels remain steady
- glycogen stores deplete
total energy expenditure
heat produced+external work done+energy stored
kcal
energy req to raise temp of 1L of water 1 degree C
metabolic rate
total energy expenditure/time
respiratory quotient
ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumption
-inc use of carbs @ 1
-inc use of fats @ 0.7
basal metabolic rate
total energy expended=heat produced
-at rest
-after 12 hr fast
what determines metabolic rate?
age, sex, muscle mass, activity level, infection/disease, hormones
how much activity does a person need to maintain body weight?
30kcal/kg
fxn of thyroid hormone
- inc O2 consumption
- inc heat production in tissue
hypothryroidism
- dec BMR
- cold intolerance
- bradycardia
- weight gain
- constipation
- dry skin and hair loss
hyperthyroidism
- inc BMR
- heat intolerance
- agitation
- weight loss
- oily skin
- freq bowel movements
effectors of metabolic rate?
1) thyroid hormone
2) epinephrine
3) food-induced thermogenesis
4) muscle mass
epinephrine effects on metabolic rate
- inc rate
- stim glycogeneolysis
- inc lipolysis
- inc oxidation
set point hypothesis
if gain weight inc met rate, if lose weight dec met rate
lipostatic theory of energy balance
- if energy stores inc –> fat signals to dec food intake and inc energy expenditure
- energy stores dec –> fat signals to inc food intake and dec energy exp
signal from fat to brain to change food intake/energy expenditure?
- taste, meal size, environment
- stretch receptors in stomach
- insulin or enterokines after meal
- inc metabolic rate after meal
- glucose utilization by hypothalamus
hormones that control eating
leptin
ghrelin–>AGRP
insulin
how does leptin control food intake?
- secreted by fat cells
- goes to hypothalamus
- inc metabolic rate
- feedback: stop food intake and inc energy exp
- keeps thyroid hormone at normal level
is adipose tissue an endocrine gland?
YES!
famine in pregnancy
- dec in 1st trimester- excess obesity
- dec in 3rd tri- less obesity
best/worst ways to lose weight
diet/exercise alone
