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Physiology 502 > export_endocrine 1 > Flashcards

export_endocrine 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Macromolecules

A

1) proteins (AAs)
2) carbs (glucose)

3) fats (lipids)

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2
Q

where does energy from food go?

A

heat loss
1) food assimilation (5-10%)

2) biochemical inefficiency (50%)
3) conversion to high energy bonds (basal metabolic) (20-40%)
4) external work (5-25%)

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3
Q

anabolic state

A
  • digestion/absorption
  • some for immediate needs

-rest stores until postabsorptive state (~4 hours after meal)

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4
Q

energy conversion

A
  • chemical (food) to kinetic (exercise)
  • between chemical (AA to glucose)

-heat lost in conversions

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5
Q

fxns of carbs

A
  • energy (4kcal/g)

- required by brain, nerves, RBCs

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6
Q

what happens to carbs (glucose?)

A
  • stored as fat/glycogen
  • 1/4-1/3 in liver glycogen
  • 1/3-1/2 muscle glycogen
  • large portion to FA synthesis (later in day)
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7
Q

glucose storage trail…

A

GI–>liver–>
1) glycogen

2) a-glycerol phosphate
3) FAs

2-3–> triglycerides–>VLDL–>adipose tissue

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8
Q

glucose goes to 4 places…

A

1) use as energy (brain)
2) liver

3) adipose (–>a-glycerol phosphate or FAs–>triglycerides)
4) muscle (glycogen)

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9
Q

what metabolizes glucose?

A

glucokinase

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10
Q

products of glucose

A

1) glycogen
2) a-glycerol phosphate

3) FAs
4) non-essential AAs
5) nucleic acids
6) energy

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11
Q

what absorbs nutrients and brings them to the liver?

A

portal vein

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12
Q

how does glucose enter adipose tissue?

A

via insulin responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4)

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13
Q

insulin after meal

A

increases with glucose

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14
Q

fructose pathway

A

liver –> a-gp –> triglycerol –> VLDL

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15
Q

fxns of fat

A

1) energy (~85% of stored)
2) structure of cell membrane

3) temp regulation
4) signaling molecules

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16
Q

essential FAs and fxns

A

linolenic and linoleic
-formation of healthy cells

  • development of brain and NS
  • hormone like substances (BP, immune, etc)
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17
Q

storage of lipids..

A

GI–> chylomicrons –> adipose tissue –> monoglyceride/FAs –> trigyceride

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18
Q

what breaks down lipids?

A

bile salts

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19
Q

where do chylomicrons go?

A

lymphatic system

-hydrolyzed by lipases in adipose and skeletal muscle

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20
Q

how do lipids get to the liver?

A

from FAs from lipolysis in adipose tissue

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21
Q

what does the liver do with FAs?

A

packaged into VLDLs then reexported

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22
Q

low insulin and lipids in liver…

A

ketone bodies from incomplete FA oxidation

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23
Q

what happens to FA in adipose tissue?

A

FA reesterified into triglycerides

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24
Q

fxns of AAs

A
  • 15% stored energy
  • structural component of proteins
  • precursors neurotransmitters
  • urea from amine groups
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25
Q

nonessential AAs

A

derived de novo from carbs

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26
Q

important essential AAs for nutrient signaling

A
  • valine
  • luecine

-isoluecine

all branching

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27
Q

destinations of AAs (and path):

A

1 ) liver –> a-ketoacids –> CO2+H20+energy or FAs
2) liver –> NH3 –> urea

3) muscle –>proteins

28
Q

anabolism

A

keeping AA for TCA cycle to build on

29
Q

digestions of proteins:

A

breakdown by pancreatic proteases into AAs or dipeptides

-transported by specific AA transporters

30
Q

what can be done with AA in the liver?

A
  • oxidation for gluconeogenesis
  • deamination to keto acids (enter TCA and moved to FAs)

-detox to urea

31
Q

what do muscles use for gluconeogenesis?

A

AAs

32
Q

problems during postabsorptive state

A

1) no new glucose

2) plasma glucose must be stable (60-80 when waking up)

33
Q

compensation methods in postabsorptive state

A

1) produce glucose from stores (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis)
2) sparing glucose by use of fat for energy

34
Q

gluconeogenesis

A
  • done in liver, kidney, and intestines
  • TAG metabolism releases glycerol –> glucose
  • muscle catabolized to AAs
  • ala and glu primary AAs that enter pathway directly
35
Q

hormones that control gluconeogenesis

A

1) glucagon (inc glucose production)
2) epinephrine (inc “)
3) cortisol (in “)
4) insulin (dec “)

36
Q

can fats be made into glucose?

A

NO

-only used as energy as keytone bodies

37
Q

glycogenolysis

A

glycogen released from liver as glucose

-or glycogen from muscle through Cori cycle

38
Q

how does glycogen from muscle turn into glucose (Cori cycle)?

A

glycogen –> G-6-P –> glycolysis in blood–> pyruvate and lactate –> liver –> gluconeogenesis –> glucose

39
Q

why store energy as lipids?

A

1) more energy dense
2) doesn’t need to store with water

3) spares glucose for neurons

40
Q

can neurons use FAs?

A

NO

41
Q

lyposysis

A

glucose sparing but doesn’t contribute to glucose

42
Q

how does liver prep for a fast?

A

FAs –> oxidized –> Acetyl CoA –> ketones

43
Q

anabolic steriods

A

insulin, sex steriods, GH, thyroxine

44
Q

catabolic steroids

A

glucagon, epinephrine, glucocoricoids, GH, thyroxine

45
Q

what controls fast/fed state?

A

insulin

46
Q

main effects of insulin?

A

inc glucose oxidation and fat, glycogen, protein synthesis

47
Q

inc levels of glucagon affect

A

inc glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis

48
Q

cortisol

A

turns on PEPCK, necessary for liver to do gluconeogenesis

49
Q

where is insulin and glucagon released from?

A

pancreas
B-cell- insulin
a-cell- glucagon

50
Q

insulin/glucagon in high/low glucose environment?

A

high- inc insulin, dec glucagon

lox- dec insulin, inc glucagon

51
Q

when insulin levels are high where does glucose go?

A
  • inc uptake to adipocytes and muscle
  • liver stops producing de novo

-liver uptakes

52
Q

hormones released from GI to pancreas?

A
  • GLP-1 (enhance insulin sec) (from bile)

- GIP

53
Q

3 types of signals from GI to pancreas

A

1) hormones
2) neural

3) nutrients

54
Q

what is GLUT4 translocation?

A

inc insulin, moves GLUT4 to cell surface, inc intake of glucose into cells

55
Q

absorptive state overview

A
  • inc insulin
  • cell uptake of glucose
  • glycogen storage in liver and muscles
  • trigly storage in adipose
  • uptake of AA and protein synth
56
Q

post absorptive state overview

A
  • glucagon inc
  • stim glycogenolysis in liver (G6P)
  • muscle, <3, liver, kidneys use FA and major fuel source
  • stim lipolysis and ketogenesis
57
Q

how much energy for muscles comes from FA metabolism?

A

85%

58
Q

effects of glucagon in liver

A
  • inc glycogenolysis
  • inc gluconeogenesis

-inc ketogenesis

59
Q

epinephrine

A
  • released from adrenal medulla
  • stimulates cAMP

-inc glucose levels

60
Q

cortisol

A
  • secreted by adrenal gland
  • acts like glucagon

-needed for gluconeogenesis

61
Q

type 1 diabetes

A
  • destruction of B-cells

- lack of insulin production

62
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

-insulin resistance

63
Q

pancreatectomy

A
  • no insulin or glucagon
  • rely on cortisol and epi to inc blood glucose

-if treated with insulin can counteract bc no glucagon

64
Q

type 1 diabetes effects on glucagon

A
  • inc glucagon
  • inc gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • inc FA and glycerol due to unchecked lipolysis
  • inc ketones due to incomplete oxidation of FAs
65
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

extreme elevated ketone levels

Physiology 502 (10 decks)

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