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OSCEs > export_final exam dx pathclin path ii > Flashcards

export_final exam dx pathclin path ii Flashcards

1
Q

major solutes that contrib to USG

A

urea

electrolytes

-not crystals, cells, casts

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2
Q

do glucose and protein increase USG

A

only if MASSIVE amounts

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3
Q

check what if dehydrated animal with inapprop dilute USG (things that promote PU)

A

hyponatremia

glucosura

hypercalcemia

-all promote PU

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4
Q

when dose glucose overflow DvC

A

dogs>10mmol/L

cats>12-15mmol/L

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5
Q

what may give false + of glucosuria in dipstick

A

peroxigard cleaning (vs Vit C = false negative)

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6
Q

pathologic proteinuria- causes (3)

A
  • Glomerular dz
  • Hematuria
  • UTI
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7
Q

get what type of sample if doing UPCR

A

free flow

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8
Q

UPCR is a great test b/c it correlates well with:

A

24hr collection

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9
Q

when think glomerular dz vs. tubular?

A

UPCR>3.0 glomerular

UPCR <3.0 tubular

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10
Q

what causes false neg in protein dipstick and where come from

A

Bense Jones- mutliple myeloma- light chain immunoglobulins

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11
Q

dipstick most sens to which protein

A

Albumin, not globulins

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12
Q

+ “blood” or heme can mean (3)

A

hematuria

hemoglobin

myoglobin

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13
Q

dipstick doesn’t detect which ketone?

A

BHB

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14
Q

when is bilirubin in urine problem

A

any female dog, cats, or dogs>1+

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15
Q

which bilirubin see in urine

A

conjujated (unconj bound to albumin)

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16
Q

how false negative with bilirubinuria?

A

leave in sunlight too long

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17
Q

calcium oxylate __hydrate is picket fence= ethylene glycol

A

calcium oxylate MONOhydrate (vs. square= normal or high #’s ethylene glycol too)

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18
Q

when see pentagonal crystal-

A

cysteine- amino acid being lost b/c receptor not working= think fanconi syndrom!

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19
Q

when do you see casts normally?

A

-only hyaline cast= normal

low pH

low GFR

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20
Q

hyaline casts can be normal or dt

A

glomerular proteinurias

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21
Q

granular casts dt

A

cellular or tub degeneration, inflamm, or necrosis

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22
Q

paradoxyical aciduria b/c

A

decreased Cl, K, ECF vol b/c vomiting= RAAS and increase Na leading to inncreased bicarb resorption

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23
Q

high urea, low-normal creat

A
  • GI ulcer
  • post-prandial
  • early pre-renal azotemia
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24
Q

if SID (Na+k-Cl) is high

A

Cl responsive alkalosis (eg. vomiting)

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25
Q

if SID is low

A

secretional acidosis (bad bad diarrhea)= increase in Cl vs Na with LOW tCO2

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26
Q

if bladder is ruptured, best ot measure:

A

creatinine

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27
Q

why high P and Mg with CKF

A

decreased GFR

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28
Q

CRF- high or low K

A

low if very chronic (decr GFR and wasting)

-if acute renal failure then high K b/c of acidosis (bicarb gone so K shifts to ECF)

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29
Q

biggest diff in biochem with acute vs chronic renal failure

A

acute- high K (acidosis- no bicarb so K shifts to ECF)

chronic-low K (decreased GFR, wasting)

30
Q

why would BMBT increased with a CRF

A

uremic acid interfers with platelet activity

31
Q

what does uremia influence with CRF

A

GI- ulcers

Platelet functioning*

32
Q

when amylase is high, when suspect pancreatitis and not renal failure?

A

pancreatitis

33
Q

unique with cats and pancreatitis

A

no increase in amylase and lipase

34
Q

if suspect chylothorax do what

A

fridge and see if separates

35
Q

“dog killing virus” -v/d, lethargy, neuro, death <24h: virus and pathology

A

circo- acute necrotizing vasculitis

36
Q

circo virus is a:

A

small, non-envel DNA

37
Q

most import. rabies forms and vaccine protects against

A

skunk

bats*

38
Q

which influenza can affect dogs

A

H3N8-equine influenza

39
Q

which H are most dangerous in influenza

A

H5, H7

40
Q

how PCR on RNA viruses?

A

reverse transcription

41
Q

cons with RT-PCR

A

product small and cannot sequence it!

42
Q

pros of RT-PCR

A
  • faster

- demonstrates what stage virus is in b/c give quantity of virus

43
Q

only antiviral for flu

A

Tamiflu- specific for neuominidaze to prevent replication

44
Q

when best to give antivirals?

A

preventative or chronic infection

-too late if severe infection

45
Q

t/f 1/3 dogs with hypothyroid will not have increased TSH

A

true! why run fT4 too

46
Q

other clin path changes you’d see with hypothyroid animal

A
  • hypercholesterolemia
  • hypertriglceridemia

(low thyroxin levels affects hepatic lipase adn lipoprotein lipase)

  • anemia of chronic dz (normocytic, normochromic- non-reg)
47
Q

how RO hyperthyroid in cat

A

normal tT4, fT4= euthyroid

48
Q

what if normal tT4, high fT4

A
  • could be non-thyroid illness masking true hyperthyroid

- or other illness in euthyroid cat (false positive fT4)

49
Q

other clin path signs of hyperthyroid in a cat:

A
  • high ALT, ALP without icterus, hyperbilirubinemia

- high P without azotemia

50
Q

ACTH stim test to dx:

A

Cushings

iatrogenic cushings

Addisons

51
Q

why see increase MCHC and protein with hypothyroid?

A

lipemia

52
Q

most sensitive cushings screening test

A

LDDS

53
Q

hypernatremia causes (3)

A
  • Na intake
  • pure water loss
  • hypotonic fluid loss
54
Q

eg. of hypernatremia b/c water loss

A
  • DI
  • insensible losses (panting, fever)
  • inadeq access to water
55
Q

hypernatremia b/c hypotonic fluid loss (most common cause of hypernat)

A

extra-renal: GI (v/d), perotinitis, cutaneous losses

renal: diuretics (furosemide), osmotic diuresis

56
Q

Na measurement if relative to:

A

amount of water

57
Q

causes of hyponatremia:

A
  • increase loss:v/d
  • increase total body water- iatrogenic fluids
  • shift water from ICF to ECF renal osmotic diuresis)
58
Q

t/f low K always indicated total body K depletion

A

true despite serum K not being reliable indicator of total body potassium b/c most in cells

59
Q

Hypokalemia

A
  • anorexic or poor diet
  • shift ECF-ICF
  • increased loss: GI, renal, sweating
60
Q

hyperkalemia

A
  • addison’s, UTI- increased renal retention

- shift ICF-ECF (acidemia, mm/tissue damage, hemolysis)

61
Q

3 causes of pseudohyperkalemia

A

thrombocytosis

leukocytosis

delayed serum separation

62
Q

this electrolyte often parallels hyponatremia

A

Chloride

63
Q

if see increaes in platelets:

A
  • hemolysis
  • stress/excitement (splenic contraction)
  • very early hemorrhage
64
Q

UTI antibiotic choices:

A
  1. amox
  2. ampicillin
  3. clavamox
  4. fluoroquins-2nd choice
  5. convenia- broad spect- overkill unless crazy cat
    * 3-5d for uncomplicated UTI
65
Q

complicated UTI=

A
  • 3 or > infection per/year

- relevant co-morbid: paresis, metab dz, etc

66
Q

approach to complicated UTI

A
  1. culture
  2. tx empirically with amox for 2-4wk
  3. couple days post tx, culture
67
Q

Respiratory antibiotic choices

A
  1. doxy (first choice)
  2. clavamox
  3. fluoroquins
68
Q

if aspiration pneumonia, best broad spect choices

A
  1. clindamycin+ enroflox
  2. ampicillin + enro
  3. ampi + amikacin-2nd choice
69
Q

when use prophy ampicillin in dentistry?

A

underlying heart condition- for 24hrs post b/c risk of bacterial translocation

70
Q

antibiotic choices for abdominal explore: kill e-coli

A

-2nd gen ceph- inject clavamox

OSCEs (10 decks)

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