export_final exam anat path rd 610

Question 1

most common underlying causes of sudden death in dogs:

Answer 1

1. heart dz (DCM, HCM)
2. Toxins (strichnine)
3. GI- volvulus, torsions, parvo
4. trauma- HBC
5. Hemorrhage not assoc. with trauma (HSA)

Question 2

**how often is sudden death reported as “undetermined” with path?

Answer 2

12.6%!

Question 3

was malnutrition high as a cause of sudden death?

Answer 3

yes, surprisingly (higher than CNS)

Question 4

top 5 sudden death killers in cats:

Answer 4

1. trauma*
2. heart dz
3. intestinal
4. resp*
5. urinary tract dz*

Question 5

how often was sudden death in cats “undertermined”

Answer 5

same as dogs- about 12.7%

Question 6

unique about cats with intestinal sudden death (assoc. with and age)

Answer 6

most assoc. with feline panleuk and 6months

Question 7

best indiv to sample

Answer 7

cohort with sim signs as other, best if early in the dz and not treated yet

Question 8

before euthanizing, do this

Answer 8

collect blood samples

Question 9

humane euthanasia:

Answer 9

capitve bolt + KCl

Question 10

early steps in field necropsy

Answer 10

reflect skin, front and rear limbs, tongue, larynx, abdominal adn thoracic walls

Question 11

position animal in___ and incise where

Answer 11

left lateral- incsie ventra midline lower lip-pubis

Question 12

after incising, do what:

Answer 12

relfect limbs dorsally (cut pectorals and medial thigh muscles)

Question 13

after reflection of limbs, examine

Answer 13

tongue, larnx, pharynx, esophagus, trachea

-pull tongue cadual until hyoid app adn cut through joint

Question 14

after tongue-hyoid, do what

Answer 14

1. open abd cavity (via caudal to last rib)
2. cut dorsal attachments of greater omemntum
3. expose thoracic viscera via cutting diaphragm along costal arch insertion

Question 15

when thoracic and abd cavities open, do what?

Answer 15

sample for micro

Question 16

how examine heart

Answer 16

1. cut posterior VC-dorsal border of RA- RAuricle
2. cut through AV orfice and tricuspid valve- extend to apex of ventricle
3. flip heart dorsally, cut up thru free wall (adj to septum) through pulmonary valves into pulm trunk
4. pulm veins- tip of left auricle
5. lumen of ventricle, cut thru mitral valve and left vent wall to apex
6. through aortic valve to arch

Question 17

after examining heart and lungs, check out

Answer 17

urogenital- start with right kidney by disecting it free

Question 18

when are pancreas, liver, LN, GB, bile ducts examined

Answer 18

after urogenital via serial bread loaf cuts

Question 19

the intestine and forestomachs evulated when?

Answer 19

after hepatic parenchyma

Question 20

import. to spot check where on intestine:

Answer 20

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

ileo-cecal jnct

cecum

LN

Question 21

where are Peyer’s patches in LA

Answer 21

few meters aboral jejunum

Question 22

where sample CSF?

Answer 22

through exposed dura mater at ventral a-o membrane (flex head)

Question 23

when use water P to shell our brainstem and cerebellum?

Answer 23

TSE surveillance

Question 24

formalin vs fresh tissue size

Answer 24

formalin: 0.5-1cm

fresh tissues: at least 3cm

Question 25

do not use these to submit fluids or swabs if want bacterial culture

Answer 25

EDTA tubes b/c bacteriocidal

Question 26

min sample for infectious GI disease includes:

Answer 26

loops of intestine for virology and bacteriology & colonic for parasitology

Question 27

where swab for suspect meningitis

Answer 27

sella turcica

Question 28

submit what with rabies concern:

Answer 28

entire cerebellum and brain stem- fresh

Question 29

suspect TSE: submit

Answer 29

obex (fresh, chilled)- all ruminants

Question 30

if suspect TSE in cervids and sheep submit:

Answer 30

- brainstem - retropharyngeal LN and tonsils (all fixed)

Question 31

if suspect tox- submit

Answer 31

feed, water, abomasum, rumn, urine, fat, liver, kidney, brain, serum (spun down)

Question 32

if want to pursue organic intox- do what with sample

Answer 32

wrapped in foil

Question 33

can you freeze tox specimens?

Answer 33

yes- most

Question 34

t/f diagnostic specimens are considered hazardous, regardless

Answer 34

true

Question 35

ok to have specimens in ziplock bags

Answer 35

no- only as second package

Question 36

Biological Specimen- Cat B; UN3373 means

Answer 36

specimens may contain pathogenic org could cause dz in people or animals

Question 37

list reasons to bx skin:

Answer 37

- suspect neoplasia - non-responsive to tx - derm signs suspect dt internal causes - chronic ulcerative lesions - if therapy is $ or time-consum - only diff way to dx - lesions in unusual sites

Question 38

most common non-dx lesions to avoid bx

Answer 38

chronic purritic allergic derm or parasitic derm (=epidermal hyperplasia and mixed perivascular inflamm)

Question 39

dx of parasitic dz made how

Answer 39

skin scrapings or treatment trials

Question 40

if suspect 2nd lesions then:

Answer 40

tx infection and bx later when infection resolved

Question 41

list primary lesions:

Answer 41

macule, papule, plaques, pustules, vescicles, bullae, wheals, nodules, tumors, cysts

Question 42

secondary lesions evolve from: (2)

Answer 42

self-trauma or medications

Question 43

list secondary lesions:

Answer 43

-epidermal collarettes, scars, erosions, ulcers, fissures, lichenification

Question 44

can secondary lesions, although less specific, help help with dx

Answer 44

yes, just don't use as sole lesion

Question 45

are hyperpig and lichenification specific?

Answer 45

no! 

Question 46

alopecia, scale, crusts, follicular casts, comedones, hyperpig, hypopig can all be

Answer 46

primary OR secondary

Question 47

2 sizes of punch bx and when use either

Answer 47

6mm standard 4m- face, more delicate areas

Question 48

should punch bx include significant amnt of normal?

Answer 48

no

Question 49

rotate punch how?

Answer 49

one direction only

Question 50

do what with punch bx specimen to prevent curling?

Answer 50

blot and remove fluid then place on tongue depressor or cardboard for 1-2 mins, then put both in formalin

Question 51

list things to report to pathologist:

Answer 51

- hx- age onset, progression of signs, response to meds* - PE and lesion types - distribution of lesions - list of supect differentials

Question 52

IHC=

Answer 52

- tissues are incubated with Ab's for cell marker in question - binding of primary Ab is detected by using a specific secondary Ab= colored reaction

Question 53

case hx you want to get with suspect toxicosis

Answer 53

- breed, sex, age, wt - prev med hx, current meds - # in grp, #exposed, #exhib signs - type, duration, severity of signs - time of exposure - dosage - agent formulation

Question 54

common antemortem samples for toxicology

Answer 54

- whole blood, serum, urine - stomach contents - hair* - suspect material - feed, water

Question 55

whole blood in:

Answer 55

EDTA

Question 56

serum analysis use this tube

Answer 56

royal blue- red top tubes can mislead zinc levels

Question 57

only antemortem test that can't be both refridgerated and frozen:

Answer 57

whole blood in EDTA

Question 58

list PM samples

Answer 58

- liver, stomach contents, bile - abd fat - kidney, urine - brain, eyeball - heart clot blood, serum

Question 59

why does quantification pose challenge to toxicologists?

Answer 59

- lack of hx information, tissue selection, and sample quality - time frame from exposure to sampling