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OSCEs > export_final exam anat path rd 610 > Flashcards

export_final exam anat path rd 610 Flashcards

1
Q

most common underlying causes of sudden death in dogs:

A
  1. heart dz (DCM, HCM)
  2. Toxins (strichnine)
  3. GI- volvulus, torsions, parvo
  4. trauma- HBC
  5. Hemorrhage not assoc. with trauma (HSA)
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2
Q

**how often is sudden death reported as “undetermined” with path?

A

12.6%!

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3
Q

was malnutrition high as a cause of sudden death?

A

yes, surprisingly (higher than CNS)

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4
Q

top 5 sudden death killers in cats:

A
  1. trauma*
  2. heart dz
  3. intestinal
  4. resp*
  5. urinary tract dz*
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5
Q

how often was sudden death in cats “undertermined”

A

same as dogs- about 12.7%

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6
Q

unique about cats with intestinal sudden death (assoc. with and age)

A

most assoc. with feline panleuk and 6months

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7
Q

best indiv to sample

A

cohort with sim signs as other, best if early in the dz and not treated yet

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8
Q

before euthanizing, do this

A

collect blood samples

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9
Q

humane euthanasia:

A

capitve bolt + KCl

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10
Q

early steps in field necropsy

A

reflect skin, front and rear limbs, tongue, larynx, abdominal adn thoracic walls

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11
Q

position animal in___ and incise where

A

left lateral- incsie ventra midline lower lip-pubis

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12
Q

after incising, do what:

A

relfect limbs dorsally (cut pectorals and medial thigh muscles)

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13
Q

after reflection of limbs, examine

A

tongue, larnx, pharynx, esophagus, trachea

-pull tongue cadual until hyoid app adn cut through joint

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14
Q

after tongue-hyoid, do what

A
  1. open abd cavity (via caudal to last rib)
  2. cut dorsal attachments of greater omemntum
  3. expose thoracic viscera via cutting diaphragm along costal arch insertion
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15
Q

when thoracic and abd cavities open, do what?

A

sample for micro

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16
Q

how examine heart

A
  1. cut posterior VC-dorsal border of RA- RAuricle
  2. cut through AV orfice and tricuspid valve- extend to apex of ventricle
  3. flip heart dorsally, cut up thru free wall (adj to septum) through pulmonary valves into pulm trunk
  4. pulm veins- tip of left auricle
  5. lumen of ventricle, cut thru mitral valve and left vent wall to apex
  6. through aortic valve to arch
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17
Q

after examining heart and lungs, check out

A

urogenital- start with right kidney by disecting it free

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18
Q

when are pancreas, liver, LN, GB, bile ducts examined

A

after urogenital via serial bread loaf cuts

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19
Q

the intestine and forestomachs evulated when?

A

after hepatic parenchyma

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20
Q

import. to spot check where on intestine:

A

duodenum

jejunum

ileum

ileo-cecal jnct

cecum

LN

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21
Q

where are Peyer’s patches in LA

A

few meters aboral jejunum

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22
Q

where sample CSF?

A

through exposed dura mater at ventral a-o membrane (flex head)

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23
Q

when use water P to shell our brainstem and cerebellum?

A

TSE surveillance

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24
Q

formalin vs fresh tissue size

A

formalin: 0.5-1cm

fresh tissues: at least 3cm

25
Q

do not use these to submit fluids or swabs if want bacterial culture

A

EDTA tubes b/c bacteriocidal

26
Q

min sample for infectious GI disease includes:

A

loops of intestine for virology and bacteriology & colonic for parasitology

27
Q

where swab for suspect meningitis

A

sella turcica

28
Q

submit what with rabies concern:

A

entire cerebellum and brain stem- fresh

29
Q

suspect TSE: submit

A

obex (fresh, chilled)- all ruminants

30
Q

if suspect TSE in cervids and sheep submit:

A
  • brainstem
  • retropharyngeal LN and tonsils

(all fixed)

31
Q

if suspect tox- submit

A

feed, water, abomasum, rumn, urine, fat, liver, kidney, brain, serum (spun down)

32
Q

if want to pursue organic intox- do what with sample

A

wrapped in foil

33
Q

can you freeze tox specimens?

A

yes- most

34
Q

t/f diagnostic specimens are considered hazardous, regardless

A

true

35
Q

ok to have specimens in ziplock bags

A

no- only as second package

36
Q

Biological Specimen- Cat B; UN3373 means

A

specimens may contain pathogenic org could cause dz in people or animals

37
Q

list reasons to bx skin:

A
  • suspect neoplasia
  • non-responsive to tx
  • derm signs suspect dt internal causes
  • chronic ulcerative lesions
  • if therapy is $ or time-consum
  • only diff way to dx
  • lesions in unusual sites
38
Q

most common non-dx lesions to avoid bx

A

chronic purritic allergic derm or parasitic derm (=epidermal hyperplasia and mixed perivascular inflamm)

39
Q

dx of parasitic dz made how

A

skin scrapings or treatment trials

40
Q

if suspect 2nd lesions then:

A

tx infection and bx later when infection resolved

41
Q

list primary lesions:

A

macule, papule, plaques, pustules, vescicles, bullae, wheals, nodules, tumors, cysts

42
Q

secondary lesions evolve from: (2)

A

self-trauma or medications

43
Q

list secondary lesions:

A

-epidermal collarettes, scars, erosions, ulcers, fissures, lichenification

44
Q

can secondary lesions, although less specific, help help with dx

A

yes, just don’t use as sole lesion

45
Q

are hyperpig and lichenification specific?

A

no!

46
Q

alopecia, scale, crusts, follicular casts, comedones, hyperpig, hypopig can all be

A

primary OR secondary

47
Q

2 sizes of punch bx and when use either

A

6mm standard

4m- face, more delicate areas

48
Q

should punch bx include significant amnt of normal?

A

no

49
Q

rotate punch how?

A

one direction only

50
Q

do what with punch bx specimen to prevent curling?

A

blot and remove fluid then place on tongue depressor or cardboard for 1-2 mins, then put both in formalin

51
Q

list things to report to pathologist:

A
  • hx- age onset, progression of signs, response to meds*
  • PE and lesion types
  • distribution of lesions
  • list of supect differentials
52
Q

IHC=

A
  • tissues are incubated with Ab’s for cell marker in question
  • binding of primary Ab is detected by using a specific secondary Ab= colored reaction
53
Q

case hx you want to get with suspect toxicosis

A
  • breed, sex, age, wt
  • prev med hx, current meds
  • # in grp, #exposed, #exhib signs
  • type, duration, severity of signs
  • time of exposure
  • dosage
  • agent formulation
54
Q

common antemortem samples for toxicology

A
  • whole blood, serum, urine
  • stomach contents
  • hair*
  • suspect material
  • feed, water
55
Q

whole blood in:

A

EDTA

56
Q

serum analysis use this tube

A

royal blue- red top tubes can mislead zinc levels

57
Q

only antemortem test that can’t be both refridgerated and frozen:

A

whole blood in EDTA

58
Q

list PM samples

A
  • liver, stomach contents, bile
  • abd fat
  • kidney, urine
  • brain, eyeball
  • heart clot blood, serum
59
Q

why does quantification pose challenge to toxicologists?

A
  • lack of hx information, tissue selection, and sample quality
  • time frame from exposure to sampling

OSCEs (10 decks)

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