export_final exam anat path rd 610 Flashcards
most common underlying causes of sudden death in dogs:
- heart dz (DCM, HCM)
- Toxins (strichnine)
- GI- volvulus, torsions, parvo
- trauma- HBC
- Hemorrhage not assoc. with trauma (HSA)
**how often is sudden death reported as “undetermined” with path?
12.6%!
was malnutrition high as a cause of sudden death?
yes, surprisingly (higher than CNS)
top 5 sudden death killers in cats:
- trauma*
- heart dz
- intestinal
- resp*
- urinary tract dz*
how often was sudden death in cats “undertermined”
same as dogs- about 12.7%
unique about cats with intestinal sudden death (assoc. with and age)
most assoc. with feline panleuk and 6months
best indiv to sample
cohort with sim signs as other, best if early in the dz and not treated yet
before euthanizing, do this
collect blood samples
humane euthanasia:
capitve bolt + KCl
early steps in field necropsy
reflect skin, front and rear limbs, tongue, larynx, abdominal adn thoracic walls
position animal in___ and incise where
left lateral- incsie ventra midline lower lip-pubis
after incising, do what:
relfect limbs dorsally (cut pectorals and medial thigh muscles)
after reflection of limbs, examine
tongue, larnx, pharynx, esophagus, trachea
-pull tongue cadual until hyoid app adn cut through joint
after tongue-hyoid, do what
- open abd cavity (via caudal to last rib)
- cut dorsal attachments of greater omemntum
- expose thoracic viscera via cutting diaphragm along costal arch insertion
when thoracic and abd cavities open, do what?
sample for micro
how examine heart
- cut posterior VC-dorsal border of RA- RAuricle
- cut through AV orfice and tricuspid valve- extend to apex of ventricle
- flip heart dorsally, cut up thru free wall (adj to septum) through pulmonary valves into pulm trunk
- pulm veins- tip of left auricle
- lumen of ventricle, cut thru mitral valve and left vent wall to apex
- through aortic valve to arch
after examining heart and lungs, check out
urogenital- start with right kidney by disecting it free
when are pancreas, liver, LN, GB, bile ducts examined
after urogenital via serial bread loaf cuts
the intestine and forestomachs evulated when?
after hepatic parenchyma
import. to spot check where on intestine:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
ileo-cecal jnct
cecum
LN
where are Peyer’s patches in LA
few meters aboral jejunum
where sample CSF?
through exposed dura mater at ventral a-o membrane (flex head)
when use water P to shell our brainstem and cerebellum?
TSE surveillance
formalin vs fresh tissue size
formalin: 0.5-1cm
fresh tissues: at least 3cm
do not use these to submit fluids or swabs if want bacterial culture
EDTA tubes b/c bacteriocidal
min sample for infectious GI disease includes:
loops of intestine for virology and bacteriology & colonic for parasitology
where swab for suspect meningitis
sella turcica
submit what with rabies concern:
entire cerebellum and brain stem- fresh
suspect TSE: submit
obex (fresh, chilled)- all ruminants
if suspect TSE in cervids and sheep submit:
- brainstem
- retropharyngeal LN and tonsils
(all fixed)
if suspect tox- submit
feed, water, abomasum, rumn, urine, fat, liver, kidney, brain, serum (spun down)
if want to pursue organic intox- do what with sample
wrapped in foil
can you freeze tox specimens?
yes- most
t/f diagnostic specimens are considered hazardous, regardless
true
ok to have specimens in ziplock bags
no- only as second package
Biological Specimen- Cat B; UN3373 means
specimens may contain pathogenic org could cause dz in people or animals
list reasons to bx skin:
- suspect neoplasia
- non-responsive to tx
- derm signs suspect dt internal causes
- chronic ulcerative lesions
- if therapy is $ or time-consum
- only diff way to dx
- lesions in unusual sites
most common non-dx lesions to avoid bx
chronic purritic allergic derm or parasitic derm (=epidermal hyperplasia and mixed perivascular inflamm)
dx of parasitic dz made how
skin scrapings or treatment trials
if suspect 2nd lesions then:
tx infection and bx later when infection resolved
list primary lesions:
macule, papule, plaques, pustules, vescicles, bullae, wheals, nodules, tumors, cysts
secondary lesions evolve from: (2)
self-trauma or medications
list secondary lesions:
-epidermal collarettes, scars, erosions, ulcers, fissures, lichenification
can secondary lesions, although less specific, help help with dx
yes, just don’t use as sole lesion
are hyperpig and lichenification specific?
no!
alopecia, scale, crusts, follicular casts, comedones, hyperpig, hypopig can all be
primary OR secondary
2 sizes of punch bx and when use either
6mm standard
4m- face, more delicate areas
should punch bx include significant amnt of normal?
no
rotate punch how?
one direction only
do what with punch bx specimen to prevent curling?
blot and remove fluid then place on tongue depressor or cardboard for 1-2 mins, then put both in formalin
list things to report to pathologist:
- hx- age onset, progression of signs, response to meds*
- PE and lesion types
- distribution of lesions
- list of supect differentials
IHC=
- tissues are incubated with Ab’s for cell marker in question
- binding of primary Ab is detected by using a specific secondary Ab= colored reaction
case hx you want to get with suspect toxicosis
- breed, sex, age, wt
- prev med hx, current meds
- # in grp, #exposed, #exhib signs
- type, duration, severity of signs
- time of exposure
- dosage
- agent formulation
common antemortem samples for toxicology
- whole blood, serum, urine
- stomach contents
- hair*
- suspect material
- feed, water
whole blood in:
EDTA
serum analysis use this tube
royal blue- red top tubes can mislead zinc levels
only antemortem test that can’t be both refridgerated and frozen:
whole blood in EDTA
list PM samples
- liver, stomach contents, bile
- abd fat
- kidney, urine
- brain, eyeball
- heart clot blood, serum
why does quantification pose challenge to toxicologists?
- lack of hx information, tissue selection, and sample quality
- time frame from exposure to sampling