export_final exam dx pathclin path i Flashcards
analytical properties of assay:
precision
accuracy
spec
sens
detection limit
analytical precision=
reproducibility or coefficient of variation
higher CV the ___ precision
lower precision
accuracy= and how determined
how close to true value; via reference method
analytical spec is diff from diagnostic specificity b/c:
it’s the ablitliy of assay to detect ONLY the subt of interest (analyte)= freedom from interfering substances
analyte sens=
ability to produce a change in signal
which assay more sens:
- 50 vs 51mg/dL
- 5000vs 5100
50 b/c picks up change in less
3 comp. of QA
- internal- daily QC
- external- proficiency
- SOPs
how submit fluids:
- 2 direct air dried smears
- EDTA for cell morph, count and protein
- RTT if bacterial culture
3 basic choices when looking at cytology
- expected cell types: N, hyper, dysplasia
- inflamm- what type
- neoplastic- epith, mesenchymal, round cell
degen neutrophils:
large nucleus, basophilic staining
granulomatous inflammation RO
Fb, mycobact, granuloma
cells in clusters or sheets
distinct intact cyto borders
cells round-polygonal and round to oval nuclei
epithelial tumors
exfoliated cells in low numbers*
elongated and round to oval nuclei
cytoplasmic borders indistinct*
stromal tumors
transudates (low cells, low protein) think
heart failure
liver failure, etc
inflamm exudate
supp, granul, or eosinophilic
milky body fluid with small lymphocytes- additional test
triglycerides= chylous effusion
confirm bile perotinitis with what test?
bilirubin and creatinine
types of Dx test for infectious agents
ELISA
Serology
FA/IHC
Necropsy/Histo
PCR
describe how VN works
same amnt virus to each tube, serum added in increasing amounts; if ab present, virus neutralized and NO cytopath effect
-if no ab, cytopathic effect!
seroconversion=
4 fold increase in acute and conv serum Ab titre (eg. 1:16- to 1:64 (12x4))
optimal time to send for Ag vs Ab tests
Ag- within 7days post infection via RT-PCR usually
Ab- IgM- days-months vs IgG mo-yr
swabs helpful when
body cavities
joints
meninges
3 tips of sampling dx for mycoplasma
cool, moist, moving
causes of low MCV (microcytosis)
iron def
breeds (besenji)
iron deficiency:
microcytic, hypochromic (lo MCHC)
test to prove iron def:
- serum Fe conc. (decrease)
- OR TIBC (total iron binding conc)-should increase
degree of anisocytosis= and causes:
RDW
causes: regen, iron def, problem in RBC growth
when is a rubricytosis appropriate?
proportional to regeneration
when is rubricytosis not appropriate?
if no anemia, no polychromasia
causes of inapprop rubricytosis:
- extramed hematopoeisis
- reduced splenic fxn
- BM injury (sepsis, hyperthermia)
- acute lead toxicity
when corrected WBC count?
nRBC>10%
nipples on RBC adn causes:
Heinz bodies:
-oxid damage of Hg (onion, acetominophen, etc)
blue dots on RBC with wright stain
Howell Jolly= DNA reminants b/c cells kicked out too early
-intensely regen anemmia, chemo, immunosupp drugs, splenectomy
who normally has a few HJ bodies?
cats, never dogs
rbc with knobby arms
acanthocytes: liver, spleen, HSA
spherocytes:
IMHA or immune complexes on RBC
eccentrocytes:
same as Heinz bodies- oxidative damage to Hg- onion, garlic, acetominophen
echinocytes- star shaped
artifact= crenation
if see tiny blue dots in RBC of cat think*
mycoplasma (hemobart)
mycoplasma in cats often related to:
tx:
FeLV/FIV
tx:doxycycline
neutrophilia with:
- inflammation
- Steroids (stress leuk)
- phsyiologic (catechol)
- paraneoplastic
- chronic neutrotrophic leukemia
Neutropenia:
- inflam: acute GI, salmonellosis, perotinitis
- Granulocytic hypoplasia (toxins, parvo, estrogen, chemo)
- BM necrosis, fibrosis
- Immune destruction
- Cyclic hemopoiesis- grey collies*
- Drugs
drugs which = neutropenia:
TMS, Phenobarn
Methimazole
eg. of toxic change that’s not infectious
IMHA!
toxic changes occur how
when maturation time is shortened b/c intensely granulopoiesis stimulant
toxic changes in vasculature:
- basophilia
- vacuolization
- Dohle bodies (agg ribosomes)
- toxic granulation
these 2 toxic changes in segs can only be see in cats:
giant neutrophils & ring formed nuclei
lymphocytosis:
- chronic inflammation, some viral (EIAV)
- post vaccination
- phsyiologic shift (catecholamines
- lymphoprolif dz: FeLV, lymphoma
- hypoadrenocortisism
lymphopenia
- steroids
- acute viral- parvo
- immunosup drugs
- depletion- lymphoid effusions
eosinophilia
- HS-allergies
- parasites
- paraneoplastic (MCT)
- idiopathic (PIE)
- eosinophilic leukemia
monocytosis:
- inflamm
- cortisol response
- monocytic leukemia
- cyclic hemopoiesis of grey collies
increase in MPV?
- upreg thrombopoiesis
- Cavalier King Charles
thrombocytosis: list
- splenic contraction= reactive via epinephrine, exercise
- inflammation
- iron def
- post-splenectomy
- vinca alkaloids
