expertise

Question 1

what is a well-defined problem

Answer 1

all aspects of the problem are specified and there is one optimal strategy and one right answer

Question 2

what is an ill-defined problem

Answer 2

underspecified goals

Question 3

what is the difference between knowledge-rich and knowledge-lean problems

Answer 3

rich can only be solved by individuals possessing specific knowledge

lean doesn’t require the possession of specific knowledge

Question 4

Thorndike approach to problem solving

Answer 4

trial and error learning

Question 5

gestaltist approach to problem solving

Answer 5

focussed on the more complex, productive thinking and insight

Question 6

what is insight?

Answer 6

it is the sudden restructuring of a problem and can be described as an ‘ah-ha’ experience

Question 7

how does insight occur?

Answer 7

representational change theory, re-coding and elaboration

Question 8

computational approach - Newell & Simon

Answer 8

general problem solver-computer is designed to solve numerous well-defined problems

Question 9

what are the three problem-solving strategies for limited capacity?

Answer 9

• heuristics
• algorithms
• means-ends analysis

Question 10

what is heuristics?

Answer 10

rules of thumbs, often no clear idea of structure and focusing on short-term goals

Question 11

what is algorithms?

Answer 11

has methods of procedures for solving a problem, it uses mathematics

Question 12

what is means-end analysis?

Answer 12

the individual acknowledges the difference between the current state of the problem an the goal state. to bridge the difference the come up with a sub-goal

Question 13

evaluation of Newell and Simon’s computational framework

Answer 13

strength - approach works well for well-defined problems

weakness - everyday life problems are ill-defined

Question 14

what is analogical problem solving

Answer 14

it involves similarities between current problems and past solved problems

Question 15

how does analogical problem-solving occur?

Answer 15

1) detecting similarities between problems

whether its superficial, structural or procedural

Question 16

when is analogical problem solving used?

Answer 16

used when direct knowledge does not exist and depends on working-memory components

Question 17

what makes an expert?

Answer 17

chase and simon suggest expertise occurs due to a chucking theory, that detailed information is stored in LTM

Question 18

what is the template theory?

Answer 18

has an abstract schematic structure. it contains a core with slots

Question 19

what does the template theory predict?

Answer 19

chess positions are stored in three large templates and this knowledge can be accessed rapidly

Question 20

template theory evaluation ..

Answer 20

strengths- evidence supports notion that board positions are stored in a few templates

limitations - doesn’t explain adaptive expertise

Question 21

what is the divide between implicit and explicit metal expertise?

Answer 21

explicit - slow and deliberate, analytic

implicit - automatic, global and gist-based

Question 22

diagnosing with experts and novices

Answer 22

• pathologists spent less time examining each slide

more info was extracted upon fixation (global impression)

Question 23

medial expertise research evaluation ..

Answer 23

strength-medical experts rely on automatic processes (implicit) and out perform non-experts

weakness- danger of underestimating analytic processing

Question 24

similarities between chess and medical experts …

Answer 24

ability to make flexible use of analytic processes

large a accessible store of relevant knowledge

Question 25

differences between medial experts and chess experts ..

Answer 25

in chess the knowledge is stored in abstract templates, less so for medical experts
medicine face a more narrowly focused task

Question 26

how does deliberate practice work?

Answer 26

different reliance on working memory versus long-term memory

experts rely on LTM

Question 27

evidence for deliberate practice

Answer 27

Sf increased his digit span from 7 to 80 digits over two years of extensive practice

however natural ability can be important (musical instruments)

Question 28

evaluation of deliberate practice ..

Answer 28

strengths - most experts develop superior LTM

weaknesses - deliberate practice isn’t relevant to all skills