Experience-dependent plasticity Flashcards
Non-associative learning is learning based on ____ experience with a ____
repeated, stimulus
What does the term habituation mean?
Decrease in effect
The term sensitisation means ____ in ____
Increase in effect
What is associative learning?
Learning relationships between stimuli, behaviours and/or events
What are the 2 types of conditioning?
- Respondent (Type 1) conditioning
- Operant (Type 2) conditioning
What are two subtypes of declarative/explicit memories?
Semantic - factual knowledge about world
Episodic - events, autobiographical
What are two types of non-declarative/implicit memory?
Procedural - if… then… memories
Skill learning, conditioning, non-associative
What did small vs large lesions of cortical areas result in?
Discrete lesions of cortical areas did not interfere with maze learning, but large areas of damage did
What is the “Principle of Equipotentiality”?
All ____ regions can ____ learning ____
cortical, mediate, equally
What is the “Principle of Mass action”?
Ability to ____ is ____ to the amount of ____ available
learn, proportional, cortex
What types of memory are the following brain areas storage areas for?
1. Hippocampus
2. Cerebellum
3. Amygdala
4. Frontal cortex
- Declarative and spatial memories
- Procedural memories
- Emotional memories
- Short-term/working memory
What did Pavlov’s cortical model state about memories?
Formation of ____ creates new ____ ____
associations, cortical connection
What did raising rats in enriched enclosures increase?
1. ____ weight
2. Dendritic ____ and ____
3. Vascular ____
4. Number of ____ per neuron
5. ____ volume
- Brain
- length, complexity
- volume
- synapses
- Mitochondrial
What did Cajal propose stores memories?
S____/m____ c____ store memories
Structural/morphological changes store memories
Fill in the gaps about synaptic basis of memory
1. New s____ could be generated to store s______ new memories
2. Existing synapses could be m________ to store the memories
3. A p____ of new synapses could be c________ generated in the brain, learning and memory i_________ them into a functional storage network
- synapses, specific
- modified
- pool, continuously, incorporates
Fill in the gaps about Donald Hebb’s ideas…
1. New synapses are a_______ and p_______ connected, but not part of a memory n_______
2. Upon appropriate a_______, synapses are “s________” and incorporated into a memory n__________
- anatomically, physiologically, network
- activation, strengthened, network
What are three key points of Hebb’s ideas?
1. S____ pre and post ____ activity
2. Some sort of change in the ____ between the neurons
3. Increase in the ____ that pre synaptic neuron has over postsynaptic ____
- Simultaneous, synaptic
- connection
- influence, activity
What is the definition of habituation?
Learning suppression of a response to a repeated stimulus
Long lasting changes in hippocampal synaptic efficacy were found following what?
High frequency (titanic) stimulation
Tetanic stimulation and pavlovian conditioning produces l____-t____ p____ in amygdala?
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
What is meant by the term neurogenesis?
The birth of new neurons
What is the key quote that summarises Hebb’s idea?
Cells that ____ together, ____ together
Cells that fire together, wire together
How does sholl analysis measure dendritic arbaritisation?
If dendrite of neuron passes enough circles, can assess length and therefore complexity of neuron
If has long and complicated neuron, likely to occur because connecting to something so arborisation of neurons implies more connections
Synaptic spines are where c____ with other n____ occur
Where connections with other neurons occur
Which mice are the dendrites thicker on?
Enriched mice (also more synaptic spines)
How do neurons change through learning?
P__synaptic neurons have p____ changes that i____ the number of n____ v____
P__synaptic neruons therefore have more i____ c____ open and this means c____ between n____ is a lot more e____
Presynaptic neurons have physiological changes that increase the number of neurotransmitter vesicles
Postsynaptic neurons therefore have more ion channels open and this means communication between neurons is a lot more efficient
What was found in snails in relation to habituation?
Eventually stopped withdrawing gills; had become habituated
BUT
sensory neuron still fired in the exact same way but neurotransmitter release was reduced in both direct and indirect pathways
(so habituation leads to decrease in neurotransmitter release)
When does a conditioned emotional response occur?
When an animal learns to associate a stimulus with fear
Briefly explain the neurochemical basis of long-term potentiation
presynaptic neuron releases more neurotransmitter as a result of this type of learning.
application of high frequency stimulation. Results in the postsynaptic neuron inserting More ample receptors on the postsynaptic membrane meaning there are more receptors available, more channels available. To open and to respond, to a neurotransmitter.
Part of what causes long term potentiation
