Cell biology primer

Question 1

What are the 6 levels of organisation?

Answer 1

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 2

How do tissues function?

Answer 2

Lots of different cell types work together

Question 3

Define organ system

Answer 3

Lots of different organs that work together to do a job

Question 4

The role of capillaries is to supply ____ and ____ to every ____

Answer 4

Supply oxygen and glucose to every tissue

Question 5

What are the five different jobs of cells?
Give examples of cells that do each job
1. D____ - s____ neuron, p____ beta cells
2. S____ - n____, e____ cells
3. D____, a____ and t____ - e____ cells, r____ b____ cells
4. F____ i____ - l____
5. M____ - c____ muscle, s____ muscle, s____ m____ cells

Answer 5

1. Detecting, sensory, pancreatic
2. Signalling, neurons, endocrine
3. Digesting, absorbing & transporting, epithelial, red blood
4. Fighting infection, leukocytes
5. Moving, cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscle

Question 6

What are the five different cell processes?
Give examples
1. M____ things - p____, l____, m____, D____, A____
2. B____ things ____ - g____, p____, c____
3. C____ m____ v____ - especially n____, m____ cells
4. S____/t____ things - n____, g____, d____ e____, s____, i____
5. D____ things - l____, s____, level of m____

Answer 6

Make things - proteins, lipids, mRNA, DNA, ATP
Break things down - glucose, proteins, carbohydrates
Change membrane voltage - especially neurone, muscle cells
Secrete/transport things - neurotransmitters, glucose, digestive enzymes, sweat, ions
Detect things - light, sound, levels of molecules (e.g. ATP, calcium)

Question 7

What is a cell membrane
A thin coat of ____ that ____ a cell and ____ what ____ and ____ the cell
Cells control how things get ____ and ____ by altering the number of different ____ in the membrane

Answer 7

phospholipids
surrounds
controls
enters and leaves
in and out
proteins

Question 8

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 8

The material inside the cell membrane, including the watery cytosol and other cell structures except the nucleus if one is present

Question 9

What is cytosol made up of?
W____
I____
S____ m____
A____ a____
S____ p____

Answer 9

Water (~70%)
Ions e.g. Na+, Ca2+
Small molecules e.g. ATP, NADPH, glucose
Amino acids
Soluble proteins e.g. calmodulin, protein kinase C

Question 10

What is the cytoskeleton?
Consists of f____ and t____ that c____ the c____ and help maintain the cells s____

Answer 10

filaments, tubules, crisscross, cytoplasm, shape

Question 11

What is the nucleus?

Answer 11

An organelle that contains most of the cell’s DNA and acts as the control centre of the cell

Question 12

What is DNA
A n____ a____ found in c____.
Contains g____ i____ that cells need to make p____

Answer 12

nucleic acid, cells
genetic instructions, proteins

Question 13

What are ribosomes?

Answer 13

Structures found in all cells that are the site of protein synthesis

Question 14

Give some examples of different proteins

Answer 14

Antibodies, structural proteins, contractile proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, enzymes

Question 15

How many types of proteins do human genes encode for?

Answer 15

~20,000, but because they can be spliced in different ways, can get up to 100,000 different proteins

Question 16

What is a protein?

Answer 16

A chain of amino acids. The order of the amino acids in a protein is encoded in the DNA

Question 17

WHat protein do red blood cells express?

Answer 17

Haemoglobin (tetramer)

Question 18

What protein do pancreatic beta cells express?

Answer 18

Insulin (hexamer)

Question 19

What protein do neurons express?
I____ c____

Answer 19

Ion channels

Question 20

Give the complementary base pairs of DNA and RNA

Answer 20

DNA - A-T, C-G
RNA - A-U, C-G

Question 21

What happens in the process of transcription?

Answer 21

DNA is converted to RNA

Question 22

What is removed during splicing?

Answer 22

Introns

Question 23

What happens during translation?
The r____ d____ m____.
Different t____ RNA (____) molecules have different b____ that bind to specific t____ of bases on the m____ and have specific a____ a____ bound to them.

Answer 23

ribosomes decode mRNA
transfer, (tRNA), bases, triplets, mRNA, amino acids

Question 24

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
An organelle that helps m____ p____ and l____ and t____ p____ in the cell

Answer 24

An organelle that helps make proteins and lipids and transports proteins in the cell

Question 25

What is the Golgi apparatus?
An organelle that m____, s____ and p____ p____ for s____ out of the cell, or for use w____ the cell.

Answer 25

modifies, sorts and packages proteins, secretion, within

Question 26

What are lysosomes?
Organelles that use e____ to b____ d____ molecules so their c____ can be r____

Answer 26

enzymes, break down, components, recycled

Question 27

Mitochondria are organelles that use ____ stored in ____ to make ____, which cells can use for ____

Answer 27

Organelles that use energy stored in glucose to make ATP, which cells can use for energy

Question 28

What are the products of ATP synthesis?
From glycolysis (glucose in) -> 2 ____
Citric acid cycle -> 2 ____, ____
ETC and OP (O2 in) -> ____ ATP, ____

Answer 28

2 ATP
2 ATP, CO2
32 ATP, H2O

Question 29

How much ATP do you use/make approximately each day?

Answer 29

Half your body weight!

Question 30

What does ATP do?
Drives ____
Muscle ____ and ____
Move molecules against ____
Transport ____ and ____ around the cell
Move ____ to allow cells to crawl or processes to move
Produce ____ to maintain ____ ____

Answer 30

Drives reactions (e.g. protein synthesis)
contraction, dilation
gradients
proteins, organelles
microtubules
heat, body temperature