Cell biology primer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of organisation?

A

Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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2
Q

How do tissues function?

A

Lots of different cell types work together

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3
Q

Define organ system

A

Lots of different organs that work together to do a job

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4
Q

The role of capillaries is to supply ____ and ____ to every ____

A

Supply oxygen and glucose to every tissue

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5
Q

What are the five different jobs of cells?
Give examples of cells that do each job
1. D____ - s____ neuron, p____ beta cells
2. S____ - n____, e____ cells
3. D____, a____ and t____ - e____ cells, r____ b____ cells
4. F____ i____ - l____
5. M____ - c____ muscle, s____ muscle, s____ m____ cells

A
  1. Detecting, sensory, pancreatic
  2. Signalling, neurons, endocrine
  3. Digesting, absorbing & transporting, epithelial, red blood
  4. Fighting infection, leukocytes
  5. Moving, cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscle
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6
Q

What are the five different cell processes?
Give examples
1. M____ things - p____, l____, m____, D____, A____
2. B____ things ____ - g____, p____, c____
3. C____ m____ v____ - especially n____, m____ cells
4. S____/t____ things - n____, g____, d____ e____, s____, i____
5. D____ things - l____, s____, level of m____

A

Make things - proteins, lipids, mRNA, DNA, ATP
Break things down - glucose, proteins, carbohydrates
Change membrane voltage - especially neurone, muscle cells
Secrete/transport things - neurotransmitters, glucose, digestive enzymes, sweat, ions
Detect things - light, sound, levels of molecules (e.g. ATP, calcium)

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7
Q

What is a cell membrane
A thin coat of ____ that ____ a cell and ____ what ____ and ____ the cell
Cells control how things get ____ and ____ by altering the number of different ____ in the membrane

A

phospholipids
surrounds
controls
enters and leaves
in and out
proteins

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8
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

The material inside the cell membrane, including the watery cytosol and other cell structures except the nucleus if one is present

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9
Q

What is cytosol made up of?
W____
I____
S____ m____
A____ a____
S____ p____

A

Water (~70%)
Ions e.g. Na+, Ca2+
Small molecules e.g. ATP, NADPH, glucose
Amino acids
Soluble proteins e.g. calmodulin, protein kinase C

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10
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?
Consists of f____ and t____ that c____ the c____ and help maintain the cells s____

A

filaments, tubules, crisscross, cytoplasm, shape

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11
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

An organelle that contains most of the cell’s DNA and acts as the control centre of the cell

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12
Q

What is DNA
A n____ a____ found in c____.
Contains g____ i____ that cells need to make p____

A

nucleic acid, cells
genetic instructions, proteins

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13
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Structures found in all cells that are the site of protein synthesis

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14
Q

Give some examples of different proteins

A

Antibodies, structural proteins, contractile proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, enzymes

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15
Q

How many types of proteins do human genes encode for?

A

~20,000, but because they can be spliced in different ways, can get up to 100,000 different proteins

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16
Q

What is a protein?

A

A chain of amino acids. The order of the amino acids in a protein is encoded in the DNA

17
Q

WHat protein do red blood cells express?

A

Haemoglobin (tetramer)

18
Q

What protein do pancreatic beta cells express?

A

Insulin (hexamer)

19
Q

What protein do neurons express?
I____ c____

A

Ion channels

20
Q

Give the complementary base pairs of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - A-T, C-G
RNA - A-U, C-G

21
Q

What happens in the process of transcription?

A

DNA is converted to RNA

22
Q

What is removed during splicing?

23
Q

What happens during translation?
The r____ d____ m____.
Different t____ RNA (____) molecules have different b____ that bind to specific t____ of bases on the m____ and have specific a____ a____ bound to them.

A

ribosomes decode mRNA
transfer, (tRNA), bases, triplets, mRNA, amino acids

24
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
An organelle that helps m____ p____ and l____ and t____ p____ in the cell

A

An organelle that helps make proteins and lipids and transports proteins in the cell

25
What is the Golgi apparatus? An organelle that m____, s____ and p____ p____ for s____ out of the cell, or for use w____ the cell.
modifies, sorts and packages proteins, secretion, within
26
What are lysosomes? Organelles that use e____ to b____ d____ molecules so their c____ can be r____
enzymes, break down, components, recycled
27
Mitochondria are organelles that use ____ stored in ____ to make ____, which cells can use for ____
Organelles that use energy stored in glucose to make ATP, which cells can use for energy
28
What are the products of ATP synthesis? From glycolysis (glucose in) -> 2 ____ Citric acid cycle -> 2 ____, ____ ETC and OP (O2 in) -> ____ ATP, ____
2 ATP 2 ATP, CO2 32 ATP, H2O
29
How much ATP do you use/make approximately each day?
Half your body weight!
30
What does ATP do? Drives ____ Muscle ____ and ____ Move molecules against ____ Transport ____ and ____ around the cell Move ____ to allow cells to crawl or processes to move Produce ____ to maintain ____ ____
Drives reactions (e.g. protein synthesis) contraction, dilation gradients proteins, organelles microtubules heat, body temperature