Cell biology primer Flashcards
What are the 6 levels of organisation?
Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
How do tissues function?
Lots of different cell types work together
Define organ system
Lots of different organs that work together to do a job
The role of capillaries is to supply ____ and ____ to every ____
Supply oxygen and glucose to every tissue
What are the five different jobs of cells?
Give examples of cells that do each job
1. D____ - s____ neuron, p____ beta cells
2. S____ - n____, e____ cells
3. D____, a____ and t____ - e____ cells, r____ b____ cells
4. F____ i____ - l____
5. M____ - c____ muscle, s____ muscle, s____ m____ cells
- Detecting, sensory, pancreatic
- Signalling, neurons, endocrine
- Digesting, absorbing & transporting, epithelial, red blood
- Fighting infection, leukocytes
- Moving, cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscle
What are the five different cell processes?
Give examples
1. M____ things - p____, l____, m____, D____, A____
2. B____ things ____ - g____, p____, c____
3. C____ m____ v____ - especially n____, m____ cells
4. S____/t____ things - n____, g____, d____ e____, s____, i____
5. D____ things - l____, s____, level of m____
Make things - proteins, lipids, mRNA, DNA, ATP
Break things down - glucose, proteins, carbohydrates
Change membrane voltage - especially neurone, muscle cells
Secrete/transport things - neurotransmitters, glucose, digestive enzymes, sweat, ions
Detect things - light, sound, levels of molecules (e.g. ATP, calcium)
What is a cell membrane
A thin coat of ____ that ____ a cell and ____ what ____ and ____ the cell
Cells control how things get ____ and ____ by altering the number of different ____ in the membrane
phospholipids
surrounds
controls
enters and leaves
in and out
proteins
What is cytoplasm?
The material inside the cell membrane, including the watery cytosol and other cell structures except the nucleus if one is present
What is cytosol made up of?
W____
I____
S____ m____
A____ a____
S____ p____
Water (~70%)
Ions e.g. Na+, Ca2+
Small molecules e.g. ATP, NADPH, glucose
Amino acids
Soluble proteins e.g. calmodulin, protein kinase C
What is the cytoskeleton?
Consists of f____ and t____ that c____ the c____ and help maintain the cells s____
filaments, tubules, crisscross, cytoplasm, shape
What is the nucleus?
An organelle that contains most of the cell’s DNA and acts as the control centre of the cell
What is DNA
A n____ a____ found in c____.
Contains g____ i____ that cells need to make p____
nucleic acid, cells
genetic instructions, proteins
What are ribosomes?
Structures found in all cells that are the site of protein synthesis
Give some examples of different proteins
Antibodies, structural proteins, contractile proteins, storage proteins, transport proteins, hormonal proteins, enzymes
How many types of proteins do human genes encode for?
~20,000, but because they can be spliced in different ways, can get up to 100,000 different proteins
What is a protein?
A chain of amino acids. The order of the amino acids in a protein is encoded in the DNA
WHat protein do red blood cells express?
Haemoglobin (tetramer)
What protein do pancreatic beta cells express?
Insulin (hexamer)
What protein do neurons express?
I____ c____
Ion channels
Give the complementary base pairs of DNA and RNA
DNA - A-T, C-G
RNA - A-U, C-G
What happens in the process of transcription?
DNA is converted to RNA
What is removed during splicing?
Introns
What happens during translation?
The r____ d____ m____.
Different t____ RNA (____) molecules have different b____ that bind to specific t____ of bases on the m____ and have specific a____ a____ bound to them.
ribosomes decode mRNA
transfer, (tRNA), bases, triplets, mRNA, amino acids
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
An organelle that helps m____ p____ and l____ and t____ p____ in the cell
An organelle that helps make proteins and lipids and transports proteins in the cell
What is the Golgi apparatus?
An organelle that m____, s____ and p____ p____ for s____ out of the cell, or for use w____ the cell.
modifies, sorts and packages proteins, secretion, within
What are lysosomes?
Organelles that use e____ to b____ d____ molecules so their c____ can be r____
enzymes, break down, components, recycled
Mitochondria are organelles that use ____ stored in ____ to make ____, which cells can use for ____
Organelles that use energy stored in glucose to make ATP, which cells can use for energy
What are the products of ATP synthesis?
From glycolysis (glucose in) -> 2 ____
Citric acid cycle -> 2 ____, ____
ETC and OP (O2 in) -> ____ ATP, ____
2 ATP
2 ATP, CO2
32 ATP, H2O
How much ATP do you use/make approximately each day?
Half your body weight!
What does ATP do?
Drives ____
Muscle ____ and ____
Move molecules against ____
Transport ____ and ____ around the cell
Move ____ to allow cells to crawl or processes to move
Produce ____ to maintain ____ ____
Drives reactions (e.g. protein synthesis)
contraction, dilation
gradients
proteins, organelles
microtubules
heat, body temperature
