Expected Values

Question 1

A1c

Answer 1

≥ 6.5 = DM

Question 2

BMD (bone mineral density)

Answer 2

• normal: < 1 standard devation below normal
• osteopenia: 1 ≤ BMD ≤ 2.5
• osteoporosis: > 2.5

Question 3

BMI

Question 4

hypoalbuminemia

Answer 4

albumin level < 3.5 g/dL

Question 5

prealbumin

Answer 5

• 16 to 35 mg/dL - normal
• < 5 mg/dL - poor prognosis
• 5 mg/dL to < 11 mg/dL - high risk, aggressive supplementation needed
• ≥ 11 mg/dL to < 15 mg/dL - increased risk, twice weekly monitoring
• can be increased by
  
  • alcoholism
  • corticosteroids
  • progesterone
  • progesterone-related agents
• decreased by
  
  • protein malnutrition
  • zinc deficiency
  • negative acute phase reactant (inflammation or postsurgery)

Question 6

blood pH

Answer 6

7.35-7.45

Question 7

PaCO₂

Answer 7

35-45 mm Hg

Question 8

RBC count

Answer 8

• ​ATI: 4.2-6.1 million/μL (trillion/L)
• female: 4.2-5.4 million/μL
• male: 4.7-6.1 million/μL

Question 9

Hgb

Answer 9

• male: 14-18 g/dL (135-175 g/L)
• female: 12-16 g/dL (129-155 g/L)
• overall: 12-18 g/dL

Question 10

Hct

Answer 10

• overall: 37-52%
• male: 42-52%
• female: 37-47%

Question 11

WBC count

Answer 11

5,000-10,000/mcL (mm³)

Question 12

Plt count

Answer 12

150,000-400,000/mcL (mm³)

Question 13

MCV

Answer 13

80-95 fL

Question 14

TIBC

Answer 14

ATI: 250-460

Question 15

Fe

Answer 15

• overall: 60-180 mcg/dL
• female: 60-160 mcg/dL
• male: 80-180 mcg/dL

Question 16

MCH

Answer 16

27-31 pg/cell

Question 17

APTT

Answer 17

• 30-40 sec
• with heparin therapy: 1.5-2.5x control value)

Question 18

PT

Answer 18

• 11 to 12.5 sec
• 85-100%
• 1:1.1 client-control ratio

Question 19

INR

Answer 19

• 0.8-1.1
• with warfarin: 2-3

Question 20

D-dimer

Answer 20

< 0.4 mcg/mL

Question 21

fibrinogen

Answer 21

200-400 mg/dL

Question 22

fibrin degradation products

Answer 22

< 10 mcg/mL

Question 23

GCS

Answer 23

15 = 4 (spontaneous eye-opening) + 5 (oriented verbal response) + 6 (obeys commands, motor response)

Question 24

five stages of Parkinson’s dz

Answer 24

• STAGE I: unilateral shaking or tremor of one limb
• STAGE II
  
  • bilateral limb involvement
  • walking and balance difficult
  • masklike face
  • slow, shuffling gait
• STAGE III
  
  • movements slow down
  • affects walking more
  • postural instability
• STAGE IV
  
  • tremors can decrease
  • akinesia and ridigity hinder ADLs
• STAGE V
  
  • unable to stand or walk
  • dependent for all care
  • might exhibit dementia

Question 25

IOP

Answer 25

10-21 mm Hg