Diseases and Disorders

Question 1

cholelithiasis

Answer 1

presence of gall stones causing symptoms

Question 2

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Answer 2

• severe heartburn
• weakness of valve between esophagus and stomach allowing stomach acid to backup (regurgitate, reflux) into esophagus
• irritates and inflames the lining of the esophagus
• chest pain, can mimic angina

Question 3

diverticulosis/diverticulitis

Answer 3

• small pouches form along the walls of large intestine (diverticuli)
• when causing discomfort, called diverticulosis
• when causing inflammation, called diverticulitis

Question 4

diverticuli

Answer 4

small pouches that form along the walls of the large intestine

Question 5

cirrhosis

Answer 5

• orange-yellow in Greek; refers to gross appearance of liver
• degenerative hepatic DZ
• often found in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes

Question 6

esophageal varices

Answer 6

• bulging, engorged veins in walls of esophagus
• often complication of chronic alcoholism
• veins at risk of tearing; severe, possibly fatal bleeding results

Question 7

Crohn’s Disease

Answer 7

• chronic inflammatory DZ primarily of the bowel
• abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea; possible rectal bleeding -> anemia
• barium X-rays, CT, colonoscopy, other diagnostics used to distinguish

Question 8

peritonitis

Answer 8

• inflammation of lining of abdominal cavity
• indications (peritoneal signs): tender abdomen, rebound pain, board-like rigidity of abdominal muscles, no BS
• signs caused by contact with blood, bile, urine, pus

Question 9

thrombosis

Answer 9

formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel

Question 10

thrombus

Answer 10

blood clot formed within blood vessel that blocks blood flow

Question 11

pneumothorax

Question 12

tension pneumothorax

Question 13

hemothorax

Question 14

scoliosis

Question 15

kyphosis

Question 16

hemolytic transfusion reaction

Answer 16

destruction of donated and infused red blood cells by antibodies in the person receiving the transfusion

Question 17

rheumatic fever

Answer 17

• multisystem, febrile inflammatory disease that is a delayed complication of untreated group A streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat)
• signs and symptoms: sudden fever, joint pain, migratory joint pain, pain on motion, abdominal pain, chorea, and cardiac involvement (pericarditis, myocarditis, and endocarditis)
• believed to be caused by an autoimmune response to bacterial antigens, but precise mechanism not identified

Question 18

arterial insufficiency

Answer 18

inadequate blood flow through the arteries

Question 19

venous insufficiency

Answer 19

inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return from the lower limbs (venous stasis), often with edema and sometimes with skin ulcers (particularly at the ankles)

Question 20

alopecia

Answer 20

hair loss

Question 21

ingrown toenail

Answer 21

painful condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh of that toe

Question 22

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Answer 22

• “stroke”
• burst blood vessel or clot blockage deprives brain tissue of oxygen
• paralysis, loss of speech, loss of vision

Question 23

transient ischemic attack

Answer 23

• temporary insufficient blood flow to the brain
• problem lasts less than 24 hours
• can have same Sx as stroke: weakness in an arm, partial loss of vision, etc.

Question 24

epilepsy

Answer 24

• condition characterized by seizures that are longer-lasting, more intense, and more frequent than seizures with other causes
• can occur at any age

Question 25

portal hypertension

Answer 25

• potential complication of chronic alcoholism
• liver damage, obstruction of hepatic venous blood flow
• rising venous pressure causes engorgement of veins around umbilicus; radiating pattern (caput medusae)

Question 26

hyperthyroidism***

Question 27

hypothyroidism***

Question 28

Graves’ disease***