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ALFS > Exotics Husbandry (Ex 1-7) > Flashcards

Exotics Husbandry (Ex 1-7) Flashcards

1
Q

this order includes parrots, macaws, cockatoos and a variety of parakeets

A

Psittaciformes

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2
Q

this is the most suitable structural material for a parrot aviary to prevent destructive behavior such as chewing

A

stainless steel

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3
Q

what element can parrots have toxicity to? may be develop with use of cheaper galvanized mesh wire

A

zinc (heavy metals)

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4
Q

what must a bird be able to do as the minimum size requirement of the cage?

A

extend wings in all directions

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5
Q

this is the ideal floor covering for an aviary and should be cleaned out daily with old foodstuffs and feces removed to reduce spread of infection

A

newspaper

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6
Q

potential food toxins to the parrot? (3)

A

avocado, bacon, chocolate

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7
Q

Housing birds permanently indoors can be responsible for this deficiency

A

vitamin D (exposure to natural sunlight or artificial UV-b can help)

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8
Q

are the majority of parrots monomorphic or dimorphic?

A

monomorphic

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9
Q

how to sex a parrot?

A

DNA analysis

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10
Q

at what age do most larger parakeets and parrots mature?

A

2-3 years

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11
Q

at what age to small psittacines become sexually mature?

A

6-12 month

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12
Q

what are the three main deficiencies seen in parrots?

A

vitamin A, vitamin E, and calcium

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13
Q

this vitamin deficiency in parrots causes squamous metaplasia of epithelial cells lining the respiratory, GI, and urogenital tract leading to hyperkeratosis, poor feathering and coloration, and repro/chronic Resp. infections

A

A

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14
Q

This deficiency in parrots can lead to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, osteodystrophy, pathological fractures, seizures, poor egg shell quality, and poor reproductive performance

A

calcium

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15
Q

cuttlefish bone and iodine blocks are frequently offered to these animals

A

small psittacines

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16
Q

feeding this to birds (especially smaller granivores) helps digestion by enhancing the grinding action of the gizzard - can also be a good source of minerals, especially calcium

A

grit

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17
Q

what is the wild diet of budgerigars, cockatiels, and small psittacines

A

granivore (native grass and seeds)

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18
Q

what is the wild diet of the grey parrot

A

florivore (seeds, fruit, flowers & nuts)

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19
Q

what is the wild diet of amazon parrots

A

frugivore

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20
Q

what is the wild diet of cockatoos

A

omnivore (seeds, plant roots & insects)

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21
Q

what is the wild diet of macaws?

A

frugivore & granivore (seeds, fruit, nuts, leaves, shoots, and bark)

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22
Q

How to sex a budgerigar?

A

color of cere on beak (male is blue, female is brown)

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23
Q

how to sex a cockatiel?

A

presence of wing/tail bars (females do, males do not)

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24
Q

how to sex a parakeet?

A

DNA (most are not dimorphic)

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25
Q

how to sex a grey parrot?

A

DNA (not dimorphic)

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26
Q

how to sex a cockatoo?

A

iris color (males have a black iris, females have red)

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27
Q

the basal metabolic rate of these birds is greater than others - small in size with large surface area

A

passerine birds

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28
Q

this type of passerine bird is graniferous and includes species such as canary, zebra, and Bengalese

A

finches

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29
Q

this is a potential consequence of feeding a poor quality seed based diet but is seen more commonly in frugivorous birds that have been exposed to moldy fruit

A

Aspergillus

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30
Q

these 2 deficiencies can be common in frugivorous and insectivorous passerine birds; can lead to hyperparathyroidism; appropriate supplementation necessary

A

calcium and vitamin D

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31
Q

this is the removal of the distal phalanges of one wing; may be required to control waterfowl

A

pinioning

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32
Q

2 categories of raptors

A

Falconiformes and Strigiformes

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33
Q

this category of raptors includes eagles, hawks, and falcons

A

Falconiformes

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34
Q

this category of raptors includes owls

A

Strigiformes

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35
Q

All perches for raptors should be covered with this to help prevent foot problems by dispersing the pressure on the feet

A

longleaf Astroturf

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36
Q

this is the main danger to a handler from a bird of prey is this

A

the talons

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37
Q

this is the main danger to a handler from a parrot

A

the beak

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38
Q

this is the name given to aquatic Chelonia (or Testudines)

A

terrapins

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39
Q

this is the name given to marine Chelonia (or Testudines)

A

turtles

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40
Q

this is the name given to terrestrial Chelonia (or Testudines)

A

tortoises

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41
Q

scaled reptiles, such as lizards and snakes belong to this order

A

Squamata

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42
Q

name 2 viviparous reptiles

A

boids and anacondas

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43
Q

can reptiles safely be housed alone?

A

yes

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44
Q

name the “5 freedoms” or 5 basic requirements of reptiles

A

space, substrate, heat, humidity, and light

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45
Q

this type of substrate should not be used for reptiles as it can irritate the eyes or cause GI impaction

A

sand (small particulates)

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46
Q

this type of substrate should not be used for a reptile was it may contain resin that is too irritant

A

wood chips/shredded wood

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47
Q

these two UV components are beneficial to reptiles

A

UV-A and UV-B

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48
Q

this component of UV is part of a reptile’s visual spectrum (‘see’ it with third eye/pineal eye)

A

UV-A

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49
Q

this component of UV is necessary for reptiles to varying degrees but may be necessary to synthesize Vitamin D3 precursors

A

UV-B

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50
Q

this disease will occur in reptiles without appropriate lighting and diet (also known as metabolic bone disease)

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)

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51
Q

most reptile diets are deficient in calcium, except for this reptile

A

snakes

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52
Q

this can be given to tortoises as a calcium source and to hep wear their beak

A

cuttle fish bone

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53
Q

this is the process where geckos can shed their tails

A

autotomy

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54
Q

How to sex a tortoise?

A

tail (long in male, shorter in female); cloaca position (closer to tail tip in M, closer to shell in F); plastron (concave in M, flatter in F)

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55
Q

How to sex a terrapin?

A

size (males are smaller) & males have elongate nails on forelimbs

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56
Q

how to sex a lizard?

A

femoral pores (more prominent on males) & tail base (wider in males)

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57
Q

how to sex a snake?

A

tail length (longer in males); cloacal spurs (prominent in males); sub caudal scales (greater number in males)

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58
Q

these two reptiles have ‘hemipenes’ which are paired copulatory organs that are stored within internal pockets on either side of the tail base and evaginate during reproduction

A

lizards and snakes

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59
Q

a health examination is advised this often for reptiles, including a complete physical examination and fecal analysis for endoparasites

A

annual

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60
Q

this is the cut off in scale length that the probe inserted into the cloaca of lizards and snakes must pass to assume it is a male

A

6 scales

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61
Q

this species of tortoise has a tubercle on its tail and NO spurs on the thighs

A

Hermann’s Tortoise

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62
Q

this species of tortoise has spurs on the back of its thighs and NO tubercle on its tail

A

spur-thighed tortoise

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63
Q

this species of tortoise has a tubercle on its tail AND spurs on its thighs

A

Horsfield tortoise

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64
Q

this species of tortoise has double leg spurs but NO tubercle on its tail

A

Leopard tortoise

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65
Q

this act makes owners and keepers responsible for ensuring that the welfare needs of their animals are met (includes: suitable environment, diet, normal behaviour patterns, housed with/without other animals as necessary, protected from pain/suffering/disease)

A

improved welfare act

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66
Q

rabbits belong to this order

A

lagomorphs

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67
Q

true or false? rabbits are a species of rodents

A

false

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68
Q

how do rabbits live socially in the wild

A

groups of females and immature males

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69
Q

a series of tunnels connected by burrows where wild female rabbits live

A

warrens

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70
Q

average life expectancy of a rabbit

A

6-10 years

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71
Q

age of sexual maturity in rabbits

A

4-8 months

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72
Q

average gestation period of rabbits

A

28-32 days

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73
Q

average adult weight of a rabbit (species dependent)

A

1-10 kg

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74
Q

normal body temp of a rabbit

A

38.5 C

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75
Q

how to sex female vs male rabbit

A

shape of preputial/vulval opening (male round, female V)

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76
Q

the preputial opening in a male rabbit has this shape

A

round

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77
Q

the vulval opening of a female rabbit has this shape

78
Q

this is a major problem caused in rabbits when fed a concentrate diet where energy requirements are met rapidly

A

dental disease

79
Q

the majority of a rabbit’s time is spent doing this

A

feeding/grazing

80
Q

alfalfa is high in this mineral

81
Q

too much calcium in the rabbit’s diet can cause this

A

urolithiasis (UT stones)

82
Q

not enough calcium in the rabbit’s diet can cause this

A

bone and dental disease

83
Q

the rabbit’s digestive system must have this in order to function properly

A

grass and hay

84
Q

these are the softer moist pellets produced by rabbits which it eats directly from its bottom

A

caecotrophs

85
Q

a minimum of this percent of a rabbits diet should be made up of grass/hay per day

86
Q

this is how much leafy green vegetables a rabbit should be fed daily

A

1 handful twice a day

87
Q

pellets should make up this percent of a rabbit diet

88
Q

dental formula for rabbit

A

2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3

89
Q

which teeth in a rabbit are open rooted and constantly grow throughout the rabbit’s life

A

all of them!

90
Q

rabbits are this, meaning they eat their own faeces

A

coprophagic

91
Q

do rabbits have a common or separate vaginal and urethral opening

92
Q

this is the minimum hutch size for small/medium sized rabbits

A

6ft x 2ft x 2ft

93
Q

a rabbit hutch should be fully cleaned out at least this often

94
Q

best combination to keep rabbits as pets in a social group

A

neutered male and neutered female

95
Q

why is it not advisable to keep rabbits and guinea pigs together?

A

rabbits bully guinea pigs

96
Q

what are the two techniques for lifting rabbits

A

bagpipe technique and rugby ball technique

97
Q

this technique of lifting a rabbit involves sliding one hand under the thorax, with another hand under the bottom to support body weight. Once lifted, the rabbit is cradled into the handler’s body for security

A

bagpipe technique

98
Q

this technique of lifting a rabbit involves sliding one hand under the thorax, with another hand under the bottom to support body weight. Rabbit is then held with the head tucked into the crook of the elbow of the handler

A

rugby ball technique

99
Q

common/most serious risk factors with inappropriate handling f rabbits

A

spinal and limb fractures

100
Q

this is a trance-like site that certain rabbits can be induced into by placing them in dorsal recumbency - highly stressful for the rabbit and should be avoided

A

tonic immobility

101
Q

what are the 3 diseases vaccinated against for rabbits in the UK

A

myoxmatosis, RHD-1, RHD-2

102
Q

neutering of all non-breeding female rabbits (at 4-6 mo) is strongly recommended to prevent this

A

uterine adenocarcinoma

103
Q

male rabbits (>4 mo) are often neutered to prevent this

A

behavioral problems and breeding

104
Q

is routine worming in rabbits necessary?

105
Q

which rodents are of the suborder Myomorpha (only incisors grow continuously)

A

rat, mouse, gerbil, hamster

106
Q

which rodents are of the suborder Hystricomorpha (all teeth are continuously growing)

A

guinea pig, chinchilla, degu

107
Q

where do guinea pigs originate from

A

South America

108
Q

what are the 3 main breeds of guinea pigs

A

english, Abyssinian, Peruvian

109
Q

guinea pigs should never be kept alone, what 3 ways should they be kept?

A

single sex groups, pairs, or harems

110
Q

which teeth are open-rooted and constantly growing in guinea pigs, degus, and chinchillas

A

all of them!

111
Q

guinea pigs have an absolute requirement for this vitamin

112
Q

how often is oestrus in the guinea pig

A

every 15-17 days

113
Q

do guinea pigs have a separate or common vaginal and urethral opening

114
Q

what is the gestation of a guinea pig

A

63 days (long)

115
Q

why must guinea pigs be bred when young (ideally 12 weeks) and before 1 year?

A

pubic symphysis fuses (birth canal will become too narrow)

116
Q

how to sex guinea pigs

A

shape of the preputial and anogenital area (male round, female Y)

117
Q

shape of the preputial orifice in male guinea pigs

118
Q

shape of the anogenital area in a female guinea pig

119
Q

where are chinchillas originally from

A

South America (Andes)

120
Q

how often is oestus in the chinchilla

A

every 30-50 days

121
Q

how will chinchillas live socially

A

monogamous pairs or harems

122
Q

length of gestation in a chinchilla

A

111 days (long)

123
Q

how to sex chinchillas

A

anogenital distance (greater in males)

124
Q

shape of vagina in chinchillas

125
Q

how many pairs of nipples in a female chinchilla

126
Q

what must be provided to chinchillas to keep the fur in good condition

127
Q

where are degus from

A

South America (& Chile)

128
Q

how will degus live socially in the wild?

A

small groups of 5-10 individuals

129
Q

how often is oestrus in the degu

A

every 3 weeks

130
Q

how long is gestation in the degu

A

87-93 days

131
Q

are degu pups altricial or precocious

132
Q

are guinea pig pups altricial or precocious

A

precocious

133
Q

are chinchilla kits altricial or precocious

A

precocious

134
Q

are rabbit kits altricial or precocious

135
Q

how to sex a degu

A

anogenital distance (greater in male)

136
Q

dental formula of degu, chinchilla, and guinea pig

A

1/1 0/0 1/1 3/3

137
Q

average life expectancy of guinea pigs

138
Q

average life expectancy of degu

139
Q

average life expectancy of chinchilla

A

10-15 years

140
Q

normal body temperature for guinea pig, degu, and chinchilla

141
Q

which teeth are continuously growing in myomorph rodents (mouse and rat)

142
Q

how often is oestrus in rats and mice

A

every 4-5 days

143
Q

are rat and mouse young altricial or precocious

144
Q

3 ways to keep mice/rats socially

A

single sex groups (females), breeding pairs, harems

145
Q

how often should bedding of mice/rats be cleaned out

A

2-3 times per week

146
Q

this is the most commonly kept hamster

A

golden/Syrian hamster

147
Q

how should hamsters be kept socially

A

solitary, will fight

148
Q

these 3 hamster species are social and do not hibernate

A

Chinese, Russian, and Roborovski

149
Q

how to sex a hamster

A

anogenital distance (greater in males) & visible nipples (female) or large testicles (male)

150
Q

how often is oestrus in hamsters

A

every 4 days

151
Q

how long is gestation in hamsters

A

15-18 days

152
Q

are young hamsters altricial or precocious

153
Q

this is a desert rodent originally from Mongolia

154
Q

how should gerbils be kept socially

A

single sex groups or a breeding pair

155
Q

how often should the gerbil system of burrows be cleaned out

A

2-3 times a year (very little urine)

156
Q

how often is oestrus in the gerbil

A

every 4-6 days

157
Q

how long is gerbil gestation

A

24-26 days

158
Q

are gerbil young altricial or precocious

159
Q

ferrets are domesticated from this wild animal

160
Q

Genus and species of the ferret translates to this (Mustela putorius furo)

A

smelly little thief

161
Q

ferrets sleep this many hours a day

162
Q

lifespan of a ferret

163
Q

gestation period of ferrets

164
Q

normal heart rate of a ferret

A

200-300 bpm

165
Q

dental formula of ferrets

A

3/3 1/1 3/3 1/2

166
Q

ferrets are biologically and anatomically very similar to these species

A

dogs and cats

167
Q

gastrointestinal transit time of a ferret

A

4-6 hours (short)

168
Q

ferret heart is situated over these ribs

169
Q

are ferret kits altricial or precocious

170
Q

is the current UK recommendation to neuter ferrets or keep intact?

A

keep intact (hormone therapy to avoid oestrogen toxicity in females)

171
Q

neutering ferrets can lead to this disease

A

adrenal gland disease

172
Q

shape of os penis in male ferrets

173
Q

how to sex ferrets

A

anogenital distance (greater in males) and obvious prepuce in males

174
Q

how should ferrets be kept socially?

A

single sex or mixed sex pairs, or larger harems

175
Q

are ferrets carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores?

A

carnivores

176
Q

what should ferrets be vaccinated against

A

Distemper virus

177
Q

what is the diet of African Pygmy Hedgehog

A

insectivore

178
Q

average lifespan of the AP hedgehog

179
Q

gestation period of AP hedgehog

A

34-37 days

180
Q

how often is oestrus in AP hedgehog

181
Q

dental formula of hedgehogs

A

3/2 1/1 3/2 3/3

182
Q

are hedgehog hoglets altricial or precocious

183
Q

how to sex a hedgehog

A

anogenital distance (very short in females)

184
Q

how do sugar gliders live socially in the wild

A

colonies of 6-10

185
Q

average lifespan of sugar gliders

A

10-15 years

186
Q

gestation period for sugar gliders

A

16 days, then 70-74 days in the pouch (marsupials)

187
Q

dental formula of a sugar glider

A

3/1 1/0 3/3 4/4

188
Q

how to sex a sugar glider

A

large, pendulous scrotum situated pre-penile in the male

189
Q

are sugar gliders carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores?

190
Q

are sugar gliders carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores?

191
Q

what 4 things should be in a sugar glider diet

A

insects/insectivore diet, nectar, fruit, periodic leafy greens

192
Q

what 2 supplements should be given to a sugar glider

A

multivitamin and calcium

ALFS (13 decks)

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