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Exercise Book Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an anode?

Chemistry

A

An anode is a positive electrode rod made of graphite (carbon) that attracts negative ions

Chemistry

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2
Q

What is a cathode?

Chemistry

A

A cathode is a negative electrode rod made of graphite (carbon) that attracts positive ions

Chemistry

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3
Q

What are electrodes?

Chemistry

A

Electrodes are rods made of graphite (carbon) that allows for the electrical flow to attract ions

Chemistry

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4
Q

What is a cation?

Chemistry

A

A cation is a positively charged ion that is attracted to an anode

Chemistry

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5
Q

What is an anion?

Chemistry

A

An anion is a negatively charged ion that is attracted to a cathode

Chemistry

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6
Q

What is an electrolyte?

Chemistry

A

An electrolyte is a solution with an ionic compound containing positive and negative ions

Chemistry

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7
Q

What is an ore?

Chemistry

A

An ore is a rock that contains a metal that can be extracted

Chemistry

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8
Q

What is extraction

Chemistry

A

extraction is where you separate a metal from its ore, this can be done through the process of electrolysis

Chemistry

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9
Q

What is cyrolite?

Chemistry

A

Cyrolite is an aluminium compound that can reduce an ionic compounds melting points

Chemistry

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10
Q

What is Bauxite?

Chemistry

A

Bauxite is the ore that aluminium is found in

Chemistry

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11
Q

What is oxidation?

Chemistry

A

Oxidation is where an element loses electrons and the gain of oxygen

Chemistry

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12
Q

What is reduction?

Chemistry

A

reduction is where an element gains electrons but loses oxygen

Chemistry

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13
Q

What is electrolysis used for?

Chemistry

A

Electrolysis is used to separate metals from gases in ionic compounds

Chemistry

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14
Q

What does the acronym “PANIC” stand for

Chemistry

A

P - positive
A- anode
N - negative
I - is
C - cathode

Chemistry

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15
Q

What is a balanced equation

Chemistry

A

where the amount of reactants and products are balanced on either side of the equation

Chemistry

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16
Q

What are the reactants

Chemistry

A

the substances you start with in a chemical reaction

Chemistry

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17
Q

what are the products

Chemistry

A

the products is what is produced after a chemical reaction

Chemistry

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18
Q

Write the equation for water as a word equation

Chemistry

A

Hydrogen + Oxygen –> Water

Chemistry

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19
Q

Write the equation for water as a symbol equation

Chemistry

A

H + O2 –> H2O

Chemistry

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20
Q

In a c_______ reaction atoms cannot be c______ or d_______

Chemistry

A

In a chemical reaction atoms cannot be created or destroyed.

Chemistry

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21
Q

In a b_______ equation it has the s____ amount of atoms either side

Chemistry

A

In a balanced equation it has the same amount of atoms either side

Chemistry

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22
Q

What is the state symbol (s)

Chemistry

A

solid

Chemistry

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23
Q

What is the state symbol (l)

Chemistry

A

liquids

Chemistry

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24
Q

What is the state symbol (g)

Chemistry

A

gas

Chemistry

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25
Q

What is the state symbol (aq)

Chemistry

A

aqueous solutions

Chemistry

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26
Q

Balance the equation:
H2 + O2 –> H2O

Chemistry

A

2H2 + O2 –> 2H2O

Chemistry

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27
Q

Where can we find the relative atomic mass

Chemistry

A

The top number on the element card in the periodic table

Chemistry

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28
Q

What is the symbol of relative atomic mass

Chemistry

A

Ar

Chemistry

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29
Q

What does the symbol Ar mean

Chemistry

A

Relative atomic mass

Chemistry

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30
Q

What does the relative atomic mass (Ar) tell us

Chemistry

A

The average mass of an atom

Chemistry

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31
Q

How can we work out the number of neutrons in an atom

Chemistry

A

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar) - Atomic Number

Top number - Bottom number

Chemistry

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32
Q

What is Mr

Chemistry

A

Relative formula mass

Chemistry

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33
Q

What is the relative formula mass (Mr)

Chemistry

A

The total mass of a compound

Chemistry

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34
Q

How do you work out the relative formula mass (Mr)

Chemistry

A

add up the relative atomic mass (Ar) of each compound

Chemistry

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35
Q

What is the relative formula mass (Mr) of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Chemistry

A

H2SO4
(1x2)+32+(16x4)
2+32+64 = 98

98 is the Mr of sulphuric acid

Chemistry

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36
Q

What can Mr also be referred to

Chemistry

A

relative molecular mass

Chemistry

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37
Q

What number on the periodic table is the atomic number

Chemistry

A

the bottom number

Chemistry

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38
Q

What is an aqueous solution

Chemistry

A

substances that can be dissolved in water

Chemistry

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39
Q

What is a mole

Chemistry

A

an amount of a substance

Chemistry

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40
Q

A mole always contains the same number of a____, m_______ or i_____.

Chemistry

A

A mole always contains the same number of atoms, molecules or ions.

Chemistry

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41
Q

In an atom the subatomic particles of p______ and e________ are always the same unless it’s an i____.

Chemistry

A

In an atom the subatomic particles of protons and electrons are always the same unless its an ion.

Chemistry

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42
Q

What is the different between an isotope and ion

Chemistry

A

ion = different number of electrons

isotopes = different number of neutrons

Chemistry

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43
Q

How do we work out the number of moles using the relative atomic mass (Ar)

Chemistry

A

number of moles = mass (g) / Ar

Chemistry

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44
Q

How do we work out the number of moles using the relative formula mass (Mr)

Chemistry

A

number of moles = mass (g) / Mr

Chemistry

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45
Q

How many moles of sulphuric acid molecules are there in19.6g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to 2 significant figures?

Chemistry

A

1) Work out the Mr of H2SO4

(1x2)+32+(16x4)
2+32+64=98

number of moles = mass (g) /Mr
number of moles = 19.6/98
number of moles = 0.20 mol (2 sig fig)

Chemistry

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46
Q

What is the unit used for moles

Chemistry

A

mol

Chemistry

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47
Q

What is the unit “mol” used for

Chemistry

A

moles

Chemistry

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48
Q

How do you work out the percentage by mass

Chemistry

A

(atom/Ar)x100 = percentage

Chemistry

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49
Q

Work out the percentage mass of C in CO2

Chemistry

A

1) Work out the Ar of CO2
12+(16x2)=44
C = 12
O = 16

2) put it into the equation (atom/Ar)x100 = percentage
(12/44)x100 = 27.3%

Chemistry

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50
Q

Work out the percentage mass of O in CO2

Chemistry

A

1) Work out the Ar of CO2
12+(16x2)=44
C = 12
O = 16

  • there are 2 oxygen atoms so we have to do 16+16 to get 32

2) put it into the equation
(atom/Ar)x100 = percentage
(32/44)x100= 72.7%

Chemistry

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51
Q

What are 2 methods to purify a salt

Chemistry

A

Distillation
Reverse Osmosis

Chemistry

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52
Q

When do reactions occur between metals and acids

Chemistry

A

when the metal is more reactive than hydrogen in the acid

Chemistry

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53
Q

reactions only occur when the metal is m____ reactive than h______ in the acid

Chemistry

A

reactions only occur when the metal is more reactive than hydrogen in the acid

Chemistry

54
Q

What happens when an acid is dissolved in water

Chemistry

A

hydrogen ions are released

Chemistry

55
Q

hydrogen ions are released when….

Chemistry

A

the metal is more reactive than hydrogen in the acid

Chemistry

56
Q

All a______ contain h________

Chemistry

A

all acids contain hydrogen

Chemistry

57
Q

When an acid reacts with a metal….

Chemistry

A

salt is formed

Chemistry

58
Q

Complete the equation:
carbonate + acid —> ? + ? + ?

Chemistry

A

acid + carbonate –> salt + water + carbon dioxide

Chemistry

59
Q

Complete the equation:
alkali + acid —> ? + ?

Chemistry

A

alkali + acid —> salt + water

Chemistry

60
Q

Complete the equation:
metal + acid —> ? + ?

Chemistry

A

metal + acid —> salt + hydrogen

Chemistry

61
Q

Complete the equation:
base + acid —> ? + ?

Chemistry

A

base + acid —> salt + water

Chemistry

62
Q

Why are not all elements on the table metals

Chemistry

A

elements like carbon and hydrogen are on the metal reactivity table because they show which metals are more/less reactive than them

Chemistry

63
Q

How reactive are metals at the top of the metal reactivity table

Chemistry

A

very reactive
violent
dangerous

etc. alkali metals

Chemistry

64
Q

How does crystallisation work

Chemistry

A

1) prepare a saturated solution by dissolving a soli5d in a solvent at a high temperature
2) allow the solution to cool and slowly form crystals
3) you can poke the crystals to encourage them to grow
filter the solution to separate it from the crystals

Chemistry

65
Q

What is the acronym REDOX for

Chemistry

A

REDuction
OXidation

Chemistry

66
Q

What is reduction

Chemistry

A

gains electrons, loses oxygen in a chemical reaction

Chemistry

67
Q

What is oxidation

Chemistry

A

loses electrons, gains oxygen in a chemical reaction

Chemistry

68
Q

What are the 3 main types of acid

Chemistry

A

Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid

Chemistry

69
Q

What will hydrogen become in a chemical reaction
Hydrogen –> ?

Chemistry

A

Hydrogen –> Hydroxide

Chemistry

70
Q

What will nitric become in a chemical reaction
Nitric –> ?

Chemistry

A

Nitric –> Nitrate

Chemistry

71
Q

What will oxygen become in a chemical reaction
Oxygen –> ?

Chemistry

A

Oxygen –> Oxide

Chemistry

72
Q

What will Sulfuric become in a chemical reaction
Sulfuric –> ?

Chemistry

A

Sulfuric –> Sulfate

Chemistry

73
Q

How is the air polluted

Chemistry

A

through burning fossil fuels

Chemistry

74
Q

What are the 3 fossil fuels

Chemistry

A

coal
oil
gas

Chemistry

75
Q

C________ C________ only happens when there is p_____ of o_______

Chemistry

A

Complete Combustion only happens when there is plenty of oxygen

Chemistry

76
Q

When does complete combustion occur when burning a hydrocarbon

Chemistry

A

when there is plenty of oxygen

Chemistry

77
Q

What is the word equation for Complete Combustion

Chemistry

A

Hydrocarbons + plenty of oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

Chemistry

78
Q

I______ C_______ only happens when there is a l_____ supply of o______

Chemistry

A

Incomplete combustion only happens when there is a limited supply of oxygen

Chemistry

79
Q

What are 2 pollutant products of incomplete combustion

Chemistry

A

carbon monoxide
particulates (soot)

Chemistry

80
Q

What is the word equation for Incomplete Combustion

Chemistry

A

Hydrocarbons + limited oxygen –> carbon monoxide + water

Chemistry

81
Q

What are the 4 main types of pollutants

Chemistry

A

Carbon monoxide
Soot
Sulfur dioxide
Nitric oxides

Chemistry

82
Q

How is carbon monoxide dangerous

Chemistry

A
  • diffuses into our blood bind to the haemoglobin causing less oxygen to be transported around the body
  • colourless, odourless, difficult to detect
  • death, fainting, comas

Chemistry

83
Q

How are particulates (soot) dangerous

Chemistry

A
  • can cause respiratory issues (soot in lungs)
  • global dimming

Chemistry

84
Q

What are particulates

Chemistry

A

solid particles of carbon (like soot)

Chemistry

85
Q

How is sulfur dioxide (SO2) dangerous

Chemistry

A
  • sulfur oxides from hydrocarbon
  • respiratory issues
  • acid rain

Chemistry

86
Q

How is nitrogen oxide dangerous

Chemistry

A
  • nitrogen reacts with oxygen from air
  • acid rain
  • requires high temperatures

Chemistry

87
Q

Where does nitrogen oxide take place

Chemistry

A

inside internal combustion engines like cars (that require high temperatures)

Chemistry

88
Q

the pH is the c_______ of h________ ions

Chemistry

A

the pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions

Chemistry

89
Q

What is a strong acid

Chemistry

A
  • an acid from 0-3 on the pH scale
  • very acidic

Chemistry

90
Q

What is an acid

Chemistry

A

an acid is a acidic solution ranging from 0-6 on the pH scale

Chemistry

91
Q

What is a weak acid

Chemistry

A
  • an acid from 4-6 on the pH scale

Chemistry

92
Q

What point is neutral on the pH scale

Chemistry

A

7 on the pH scale

Chemistry

93
Q

What is an alkaline

Chemistry

A

an alkaline is an alkali solution ranging from 8-14 on the pH scale

Chemistry

94
Q

What is a weak alkaline

Chemistry

A
  • an alkali from 8-10 on the pH scale

Chemistry

95
Q

What is a strong alkaline

Chemistry

A
  • an alkali from 11-14 on the pH scale
  • very alkaline

Chemistry

96
Q

What is an acid

Chemistry

A

a substance that forms an aqueous solution with a pH of less than 7

Chemistry

97
Q

on the pH scale how much does the scale increase/decrease by from going from pH 6 to pH 2

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Chemistry

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

pH 2 <– pH 6
x10000 higher

Chemistry

98
Q

on the pH scale how much does the scale increase/decrease by from going from pH 9 to pH 10

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

Chemistry

A

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

pH 9 –> pH 10
x10 lower

Chemistry

99
Q

A l_____ concentration means a solution is d______

Chemistry

A

A lower concentration means a solution is dilute

Chemistry

100
Q

What is concentration

Chemistry

A

how much acid there is in a certain volume

Chemistry

101
Q

What is strength

Chemistry

A

how much an acid dissociates

Chemistry

102
Q

At any given c________ a s_____ a______ will have a l______ pH

Chemistry

A

At any given concentration a strong acid will have a lower pH

Chemistry

103
Q

If there is more concentration…

Chemistry

A

If there is more concentration there will be more acid per unit

Chemistry

104
Q

What is electrolysis used for

Chemistry

A

Electrolysis is a process used to extract metal from ionic compounds

Chemistry

105
Q

E________ is a process used to extract metal from i______ compounds

Chemistry

A

Electrolysis is a process used to extract metal from ionic compounds

Chemistry

106
Q

What happens to ions when they reach the electrodes

Chemistry

A

they turn back into atoms

Chemistry

107
Q

At which electrode does metals build up around

Chemistry

A

cathode (negative electrode)

Chemistry

108
Q

At which electrode is gas released

Chemistry

A

anode (positive electron)

Chemistry

109
Q

Name the 4 main parts of the process of electrolysis

Chemistry

A
  • battery cell
  • cathode (electrode)
  • anode (electrode)
  • electrolyte

Chemistry

110
Q

How can we reduce the melting point

Chemistry

A

using a cryolite

Chemistry

111
Q

What are the benefits of using a cryolite

Chemistry

A
  • saves money
    -less energy is required

Chemistry

112
Q

What do cations (negative ions) move towards in electrolyte

Chemistry

A

positive anode (electrode)

Chemistry

113
Q

What do anions (positive ions) move towards in electrolyte

Chemistry

A

negative cathode (electrode)

Chemistry

114
Q

Ions can move f_____ in electrolyte

Chemistry

A

Ions can move freely in electrolyte

Chemistry

115
Q

What is need for electrolysis to take place

Chemistry

A
  • a current to cause electrons in ions to move
  • needs to be molten or aqueous

Chemistry

116
Q

How can we extract aluminium

Chemistry

A

through the process of electrolysis

Chemistry

117
Q

Where does aluminium oxide come from

Chemistry

A

a mineral call bauxite

Chemistry

118
Q

how can we lower the melting point of aluminium oxide

Chemistry

A

by mixing it with a cryolite

Chemistry

119
Q

What are the half equations in aluminium oxide

Chemistry

A

Al3+ + 3e- –> Al
2O2 - 4e- –> O2

Chemistry

120
Q

At the cathode, there are positive metal ions and hydrogen
What will happen if the the metal is more reactive than hydrogen

Chemistry

A

Hydrogen is produced

Chemistry

121
Q

At the cathode, there are positive metal ions and hydrogen
What will happen if the the metal is less reactive than hydrogen

Chemistry

A

metal is produced

Chemistry

122
Q

At the anode,
What will happen if the the metal is a halogen (group 7)

Chemistry

A

metal (halogen) is produced)

Chemistry

123
Q

At the anode,
What will happen if the the metal is not a halogen (group 7)

Chemistry

A

Oxygen is produced

Chemistry

124
Q

What is group 7 on the periodic table

Chemistry

A

Halogens

Chemistry

125
Q

What group are Halogens

Chemistry

A

group 7

Chemistry

126
Q

What happens in the column of halogens (group 7)

Chemistry

A

reactivity decreases

Chemistry

127
Q

What type of compounds undergo electrolysis

Chemistry

A

ionic compounds

Chemistry

128
Q

what is an ionic compound

Chemistry

A

where a non-metal and a metal are chemically combined together as a compound and can be separated

Chemistry

129
Q

Elements in Group 1 (alkali metals) typically ____ _ electron to form _ _

Chemistry

A

Elements in Group 1 (alkali metals) typically lose 1 electron to form + 1

Chemistry

130
Q

Elements in Group 2 (alkaline earth metals) typically ____ _ electrons to form _ _

Chemistry

A

Elements in Group 2 (alkaline earth metals) typically lose 2 electrons to form + 2

Chemistry

131
Q

Elements in Group 3 typically ____ _ electron to form _ _

Chemistry

A

Elements in Group 3 typically lose 3 electron to form + 3

Chemistry

132
Q

Elements in Group 7 typically ____ _ electron to form _ _

Chemistry

A

Elements in Group 7 typically gain 1 electron to form - 1

Chemistry

Chemistry (6 decks)

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