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Biology 12 > Excretory > Flashcards

Excretory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of metabolic wastes from the body

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2
Q

Difference between defecation and excretion

A

Defecation is elimination of feces (digestive system) while excretion is elimination of metabolic wastes (excretory, products of metabolism)

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3
Q

What are the main nitrogenous end products of metabolism?

A

Urea (main one), ammonium, creatinine, uric acid

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4
Q

How is urea produced?

A

Breakdown of amino acids in the liver releases ammonia, which liver combines with carbon dioxide to produce urea

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5
Q

How is creatinine produced?

A

Metabolic breakdown of creatine phosphate (high energy phosphate reserve molecule in muscles)

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6
Q

How is uric acid produced?

A

Breakdown of nucleotides such as those containing adenine and thymine

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7
Q

Is uric acid soluble?

A

No. If too much uric acid is present in blood, crystals form and precipitate out. These crystals sometimes collect in joints, producing gout

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8
Q

How do salts affect blood pressure?

A

They have ability to cause osmosis into the blood. The more salts there are in the blood, the greater the blood volume and the greater the blood pressure

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9
Q

What are some non salt ions that the kidneys maintain in the blood?

A

Potassium, bicarbonate (HCO3-), calcium

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10
Q

What is the healthy pH level?

A

7.4

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11
Q

How do the kidneys maintain a healthy pH?

A

Excrete hydrogen, reabsorb bicarbonate

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12
Q

What is the regular pH of urine?

A

6 (diet often contains acidic foods)

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13
Q

What are the four functions of the kidneys?

A

Excretion of metabolic wastes, maintenance of water-salt balance, maintenance of acid=base balance, secretion of hormones

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14
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete?

A

Renin, erythropoietin, help activate vitamin D

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15
Q

What do the kidneys secrete when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced?

A

Erythropoietin, which aids in the production of red blood cells

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16
Q

What is a function of vitamin D?

A

Promotes calcium absorption from the digestive tract

17
Q

Where do the kidneys lie?

A

Near the back in the lumbar region on either side of the spine. Receive some protection from the lower rib cage

18
Q

What kind of tissue surrounds the kidneys?

A

Adipose

19
Q

What is the depression on the concave side of the kidney called? Why is it there?

A

Called the hilum, allows a renal artery, renal vein, and a ureter exit the kidney

20
Q

How long and wide are ureters?

A

25 cm long, 5 mm wide

21
Q

What is the path of a ureter?

A

Descends behind the peritoneum, from the hilum of a kidney, to enter bladder at it’s dorsal (behind) surface

22
Q

What causes urine to enter the bladder?

A

Peristaltic contractions

23
Q

How many spurts of urine enter the bladder every minute?

A

1-5

24
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Stores urine until it is expelled from the body

25
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A

In the pelvic cavity, behind the pubic symphysis and behind the peritoneum

26
Q

What are the openings in the bladder?

A

3 openings (two for ureters and one for urethra)

27
Q

Why is the bladder wall expandable?

A

Contains a middle layer of circular fiber and two layers of longitudinal muscle. Folds in the mucosa (rugae) disappear as the bladder fills up

28
Q

What other features allow the bladder to retain urine?

A

After urine enters bladder from ureter, small folds of bladder mucosa act like a valve to prevent backward flow. Sphincters (especially external sphincter, which can be voluntarily controlled), prevent urine from leaving bladder when not needed

29
Q

What is incontinence?

A

Involuntary loss of urine that can be caused by diseases that affect control of urination

30
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Small tube that extends from the urinary bladder to external opening. Functions to remove urine from the body

31
Q

How long is the urethra?

A

4 cm in women, 20 cm in men when penis is flaccid

32
Q

What encircles the urethra as it leaves the male bladder?

A

Prostate gland

33
Q

What conditions can restrict urination in men?

A

Prostate cancer, prostate enlargement

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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