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Biology 12 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel?

A

Artery, capillary, vein

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2
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small arteries that are just visible to the naked eye (,5 mm)

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3
Q

What happens when arterioles dilate?

A

Blood pressure is lowered

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4
Q

Which layer of the arteriole controls contraction and dilation?

A

Middle layer

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5
Q

What are the layers of the artery wall?

A

Endothelium (connective tissue with elastic fibers)
Middle layer of contracting muscle
Outer layer of tissue that is fibrous near middle, loose near outside

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6
Q

How wide is the aorta?

A

25mm

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7
Q

What is the function of the artery?

A

Carry blood away from heart to capillaries

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8
Q

What is the capillary wall made of?

A

Single layer of endothelium

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9
Q

What is the total surface area of capillaries in the human body?

A

6000 square meters

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10
Q

What is the most important function of the capillaries?

A

Allow waste/nutrient + gas exchange across their walls

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11
Q

What is an arteriovenous shunt?

A

A passage that allows blood to go directly from the arteriole to the venule when the capillary is closed

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12
Q

What capillaries are mostly open during eating?

A

Those who serve the digestive system

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13
Q

What muscle prevents blood from entering capillary vessels?

A

Contracted precapillary sphincters

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14
Q

What is the function of veins and venules?

A

Take blood from capillary beds to heart

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15
Q

What are the walls of veins and venules composed of?

A

Same as artery, but less muscle and connective tissue (thinner)

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16
Q

Where are valves found in veins?

A

Veins that carry blood against gravity (lower limbs)

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17
Q

What does the majority of blood flow in veins come from?

A

Skeletal muscle contractions

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18
Q

How much of the body’s blood is in the veins at any time?

A

70%

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19
Q

How do veins help during a hemorrhage?

A

They constrict (much thinner walls), providing more blood to the rest of the body

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20
Q

Which is bigger, superior or inferior vena cava?

A

Inferior

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21
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Major portion of heart that consists of cardiac muscle tissue

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22
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Which membrane that secretes lubricant. Heart lies within it.

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23
Q

What is the inner surface of the heart lined with?

A

Endocardium

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24
Q

What is the septum?

A

Wall that separates right and left side of the heart

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25
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

Fibrous strings that support the heart’s valves by preventing them from inverting when the heart contracts

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26
Q

Describe path of blood through heart

A

Superior/inferior vena cava –> right atrium –> right ventricle via tricuspid –> pulmonary trunk via pulmonary semilunar –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium –> left ventricle via bicuspid –> aorta via aortic semilunar –> body

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27
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A

Has the harder job of pumping blood to body as opposed to lungs

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28
Q

What is a cardiac cycle?

A

One heartbeat

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29
Q

What happens when the heart beats?

A

Atria pump, ventricles pump, then all relax

30
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction of heart

31
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of heart

32
Q

What is the lub sound?

A

Vibrations that occur when bicuspid and tricuspid valves close due to ventricular contraction

33
Q

What is the dub sound?

A

Semilunar valves closing due to back pressure of blood in arteries

34
Q

What is a heart murmur?

A

Slush after lub caused by blood passing back into atria after bi and tricupid have closed (ineffective valves)

35
Q

What is a cause of faulty valves?

A

Birth defects

36
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Initiates heartbeat, sends out impulse very .85 second, causes atria to contract

37
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Impulses reach AV from SA, delay to allow atria to finish contracting, signal for ventricles to contract goes through AV bundle, reaches Purkinje fibers

38
Q

What happens if the SA node fails to work properly?

A

Heart beats slower, pacemaker has to be installed

39
Q

How does the body externally control heartbeat?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can speed up + slow down heart rate (controlled by medulla). Hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine also change heart rate.

40
Q

Describe pulmonary circuit

A

Right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary trunk –> pulmonary arteries –> pulmonary capillaries –> gas exchange –> pulmonary venules –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium

41
Q

Where is the mesenteric artery?

A

Digestive tract

42
Q

Where is the renal artery?

A

Kidneys

43
Q

Where is the iliac artery?

A

Legs

44
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

First branches off the aorta that lie on the exterior surface of the heart, empty into the right atrium

45
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

Carries blood from villi in small intestine to capillaries in liver. Then goes into hepatic vein –> inferior vena cava

46
Q

Where are the jugular vein and carotid artery?

A

Neck

47
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Blood forced into arteries during ventricular systole

48
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole

49
Q

Where is blood pressure normally measured?

A

Brachial artery in upper arm

50
Q

What is a varicose vein?

A

Abnormal dilations in superficial veins that develop when valves become weak due to backward pressure

51
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

Mainly water, some plasma protines (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), gases, salts, and nutrients, various others

52
Q

What does albumin transport?

A

Bilirubin

53
Q

What is a function of hemoglobin?

A

Iron portion of hemoglobin acquires oxygen in lungs, gives it up in tissues, removes carbon dioxide from tissues

54
Q

How can carbon monoxide kill?

A

Binds to hemoglobin for a long time, making it unavailable for oxygen transport

55
Q

What is anemia?

A

When body has insufficient number of red blood cells or red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin. Causes run down feeling.

56
Q

What is an erythropoietin?

A

Hormone that speeds up maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow, released in low oxygen environment

57
Q

What are platelets?

A

Help in blood clotting, result from fragmentation of large calls called megakaryocytes in bone marrow

58
Q

Describe blood clotting

A

Vessel damage –> platelets stick to tissue and each other, form platelet clot –> tissues release tissue factors (prothrombin activator) –> prothrombin –> thrombin –> fribinogen –> fibrin threads

59
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Clotting disorder caused by clotting factor dificiency

60
Q

What is serum?

A

Fluid that contains all plasma components except fibrinogen, cause by blood clotting in test tube

61
Q

Describe capillary exchange

A

At arterial end, BP>OP, water out –> BP = OP in middle of capillary, gas/waste exchange happens (CO2, O2, waste, nutrients), –> venule end, BP<OP, some water comes back in, leftover water in tissue goes into lymphatic system

62
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque deposits in the inner linings of arteries, protrude into blood vessel and interfere with blood flow

63
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Stationary blood clot

64
Q

What is embolus?

A

Dislodged blood clot that is moving with blood

65
Q

What is a thromboembolism?

A

Clot that has been carried but is now stationary

66
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Small cranial arteriole bursts, blocked by embolus. Causes lack of oxygen in brain

67
Q

What is an angina pectoris?

A

Partially blocked coronary artery characterized by burning sensation in chest

68
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Completely blocked coronary artery that caused part of heart muscle to die

69
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Balooning of blood vessel, often caused by high blood pressure, atherosclerosis

70
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

Catheter inserted, balloons, forcing blood vessel to open. Stent is often inserted to keep vessel open

71
Q

What is a left ventricular assist device?

A

Tube passes blood from left ventricle to device, which pumps to aorta. Helps patients awaiting heart transplants

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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