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Biology 12 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of blood vessel?

A

Artery, capillary, vein

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2
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Small arteries that are just visible to the naked eye (,5 mm)

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3
Q

What happens when arterioles dilate?

A

Blood pressure is lowered

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4
Q

Which layer of the arteriole controls contraction and dilation?

A

Middle layer

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5
Q

What are the layers of the artery wall?

A

Endothelium (connective tissue with elastic fibers)
Middle layer of contracting muscle
Outer layer of tissue that is fibrous near middle, loose near outside

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6
Q

How wide is the aorta?

A

25mm

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7
Q

What is the function of the artery?

A

Carry blood away from heart to capillaries

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8
Q

What is the capillary wall made of?

A

Single layer of endothelium

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9
Q

What is the total surface area of capillaries in the human body?

A

6000 square meters

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10
Q

What is the most important function of the capillaries?

A

Allow waste/nutrient + gas exchange across their walls

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11
Q

What is an arteriovenous shunt?

A

A passage that allows blood to go directly from the arteriole to the venule when the capillary is closed

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12
Q

What capillaries are mostly open during eating?

A

Those who serve the digestive system

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13
Q

What muscle prevents blood from entering capillary vessels?

A

Contracted precapillary sphincters

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14
Q

What is the function of veins and venules?

A

Take blood from capillary beds to heart

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15
Q

What are the walls of veins and venules composed of?

A

Same as artery, but less muscle and connective tissue (thinner)

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16
Q

Where are valves found in veins?

A

Veins that carry blood against gravity (lower limbs)

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17
Q

What does the majority of blood flow in veins come from?

A

Skeletal muscle contractions

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18
Q

How much of the body’s blood is in the veins at any time?

A

70%

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19
Q

How do veins help during a hemorrhage?

A

They constrict (much thinner walls), providing more blood to the rest of the body

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20
Q

Which is bigger, superior or inferior vena cava?

A

Inferior

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21
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Major portion of heart that consists of cardiac muscle tissue

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22
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Which membrane that secretes lubricant. Heart lies within it.

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23
Q

What is the inner surface of the heart lined with?

A

Endocardium

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24
Q

What is the septum?

A

Wall that separates right and left side of the heart

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25
What are chordae tendineae?
Fibrous strings that support the heart's valves by preventing them from inverting when the heart contracts
26
Describe path of blood through heart
Superior/inferior vena cava --> right atrium --> right ventricle via tricuspid --> pulmonary trunk via pulmonary semilunar --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle via bicuspid --> aorta via aortic semilunar --> body
27
Why is the left ventricle wall thicker than that of the right ventricle?
Has the harder job of pumping blood to body as opposed to lungs
28
What is a cardiac cycle?
One heartbeat
29
What happens when the heart beats?
Atria pump, ventricles pump, then all relax
30
What is systole?
Contraction of heart
31
What is diastole?
Relaxation of heart
32
What is the lub sound?
Vibrations that occur when bicuspid and tricuspid valves close due to ventricular contraction
33
What is the dub sound?
Semilunar valves closing due to back pressure of blood in arteries
34
What is a heart murmur?
Slush after lub caused by blood passing back into atria after bi and tricupid have closed (ineffective valves)
35
What is a cause of faulty valves?
Birth defects
36
What does the SA node do?
Initiates heartbeat, sends out impulse very .85 second, causes atria to contract
37
What does the AV node do?
Impulses reach AV from SA, delay to allow atria to finish contracting, signal for ventricles to contract goes through AV bundle, reaches Purkinje fibers
38
What happens if the SA node fails to work properly?
Heart beats slower, pacemaker has to be installed
39
How does the body externally control heartbeat?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems can speed up + slow down heart rate (controlled by medulla). Hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine also change heart rate.
40
Describe pulmonary circuit
Right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> pulmonary capillaries --> gas exchange --> pulmonary venules --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium
41
Where is the mesenteric artery?
Digestive tract
42
Where is the renal artery?
Kidneys
43
Where is the iliac artery?
Legs
44
What are the coronary arteries?
First branches off the aorta that lie on the exterior surface of the heart, empty into the right atrium
45
What does the hepatic portal vein do?
Carries blood from villi in small intestine to capillaries in liver. Then goes into hepatic vein --> inferior vena cava
46
Where are the jugular vein and carotid artery?
Neck
47
What is systolic pressure?
Blood forced into arteries during ventricular systole
48
What is diastolic pressure?
Pressure in arteries during ventricular diastole
49
Where is blood pressure normally measured?
Brachial artery in upper arm
50
What is a varicose vein?
Abnormal dilations in superficial veins that develop when valves become weak due to backward pressure
51
What does plasma consist of?
Mainly water, some plasma protines (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), gases, salts, and nutrients, various others
52
What does albumin transport?
Bilirubin
53
What is a function of hemoglobin?
Iron portion of hemoglobin acquires oxygen in lungs, gives it up in tissues, removes carbon dioxide from tissues
54
How can carbon monoxide kill?
Binds to hemoglobin for a long time, making it unavailable for oxygen transport
55
What is anemia?
When body has insufficient number of red blood cells or red blood cells do not contain enough hemoglobin. Causes run down feeling.
56
What is an erythropoietin?
Hormone that speeds up maturation of red blood cells in bone marrow, released in low oxygen environment
57
What are platelets?
Help in blood clotting, result from fragmentation of large calls called megakaryocytes in bone marrow
58
Describe blood clotting
Vessel damage --> platelets stick to tissue and each other, form platelet clot --> tissues release tissue factors (prothrombin activator) --> prothrombin --> thrombin --> fribinogen --> fibrin threads
59
What is hemophilia?
Clotting disorder caused by clotting factor dificiency
60
What is serum?
Fluid that contains all plasma components except fibrinogen, cause by blood clotting in test tube
61
Describe capillary exchange
At arterial end, BP>OP, water out --> BP = OP in middle of capillary, gas/waste exchange happens (CO2, O2, waste, nutrients), --> venule end, BP
62
What is atherosclerosis?
Plaque deposits in the inner linings of arteries, protrude into blood vessel and interfere with blood flow
63
What is a thrombus?
Stationary blood clot
64
What is embolus?
Dislodged blood clot that is moving with blood
65
What is a thromboembolism?
Clot that has been carried but is now stationary
66
What is a stroke?
Small cranial arteriole bursts, blocked by embolus. Causes lack of oxygen in brain
67
What is an angina pectoris?
Partially blocked coronary artery characterized by burning sensation in chest
68
What is a heart attack?
Completely blocked coronary artery that caused part of heart muscle to die
69
What is an aneurysm?
Balooning of blood vessel, often caused by high blood pressure, atherosclerosis
70
What is angioplasty?
Catheter inserted, balloons, forcing blood vessel to open. Stent is often inserted to keep vessel open
71
What is a left ventricular assist device?
Tube passes blood from left ventricle to device, which pumps to aorta. Helps patients awaiting heart transplants

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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