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excretion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define excretion

A

removal of substances in excess, toxic waste and waste from metabolism and

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2
Q

explain the differences between excretion and defecation

A

defecation is undigested material that has passed though gut and is not a waste product form metabolic reaction

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3
Q

which organ removed urea?

A

kidney

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4
Q

name substances that need to be removed

A 
co2
nitrogenous waste 
used hormones 
excess substance like water and ions 
toxins
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5
Q

what does liver remove

A

bile pigments from breakdown of haemoglobin

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6
Q

define deamination

A

removal of nitrogenous containing part of amino acid to form urea

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7
Q

describe the process of deamination

A
  1. enzyme breaks down protein into amino acid
  2. amino acid is absorbed into blood, and the hepatic portal vein takes the amino acid to the liver
  3. in the liver, excess amino acid is split
  4. energy containing part of amino acid gets turned into carbohydrates and stored while nitrogen is turned into urea
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8
Q

name the function of the liver

A 
makes bile
converts excess urea and carbohydrates 
controls amount of glucose in the blood 
breakdown old RBC storing iron and excreting remains of haemoglobin as bile pigments 
break down harmful substances
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9
Q

what is the function of urea

A

excretes urea and other metabolic waste
maintain water balance
regulate mineral ions of body fluid
regulate pH of body fluid

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10
Q

draw a kidney and label it

A 
cortex 
medulla 
pelvis 
ureter
bladder 
urethra
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11
Q

what is the function of nephron

A

filters wasted fro, blood and regulates water and mineral salt content in blood

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12
Q

what is the function of convoluted tubules

A

reabsorption of useful substances

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13
Q

what is the function of glomerulus

A

filtration

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14
Q

draw a nephron

A 
bowmans capsule & glomerulus 
proximal convoluted tubule 
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule 
collecting duct
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15
Q

explain the process of ultrafiltration

A
  1. blood is moved from renal arteriole into glomerulus
  2. high hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of capillaries
  3. fluid enters bowman’s capsule
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16
Q

what is insude the glomerular filtrate

A 
amino acid 
water
mineral salt 
glucose 
urea
17
Q

name 2 substance that is not in the glomerular filtrate and why

A

red blood cells and plasma protein bc they are too big

18
Q

why is the blood vessel brining the blood into the glomerulus larger than the capillary taking it away

A

so blood cannot get away easily

19
Q

where does reabsorption happen?

A

proximal convoluted tubules
distal convoluted tubule
loop of henle

20
Q

what does each tubule absorb?

A

PCT: all nutrients and some water and mineral salts

LOH, DCT, CT: water and mineral salts

21
Q

explain secretion

A

happens at DCT via active transport
substances secreted is urea, toxins, drugs and excess mineral salts
urine is fromed at collecting tube and sent to bladder to be stored

22
Q

what controls the release of urine

A

sphincter muscle

23
Q

explain how kidney dialysis works

A

dialyser is a membrane that allows certain substances to pass through
the dialyser is surrounded by dialysis fluid
as blood goes through, substance in excess will diffuse out

24
Q

what does kidney dialysis do

A

help maintain salt balance, glucose and water concentration

removes urea and other toxins from blood

25
Q

what is the concentration for urea, glucose water and salts in dialysis fluid

A

urea- none

the rest: same

26
Q

what is important when doing dialysis

A

same body temp
composition of dialysis fluid
constantly change dialysis fluid

27
Q

what is immunosuppressants and an disadvantage

A

drugs used to stop WBC from working to decrease chance of organ rejections
stops immune system from working so person is likely to get sick

28
Q

advantages of kidney transplant

A

patient can return back to normal lifestyle

dialysis machine can be made available for other ppl

29
Q

disadvantage of kidney transplant

A

need suitable donor
rick of rejection
expensive

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